Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Countries Cherimoya Custard Apple Soursop Sugar Apple Source 1998 Indonesia - - Yearround - Nakasone and Paull, 1998 Mexico - - Jun-Sep - Nakasone and Paull, 1998 Peru - - Dec-Mar Nov-Aug Alvarez et al., 1999 Philippines - - Jun-Aug Jul-Sep Nakasone and Paull, 1998; Coronel, 1994 Portugal - - - - Nunes, 1997 Madeira Nov-Feb - - Oct-Jul Nakasone and Paull, 1998 South Africa (Natal) - - - - FAO, 1988 Spain - - - Nov-Feb Accorsi and Manica, 1994 Tanzania (West) - - - - FAO, 1988 (East) - - - - USA California Mar-Apr - - - Nakasone and Paull, 1998 Florida Jul-Oct Feb-Apr Jun-Nov Jul-Sep Puerto Rico - - Mar-Sep - Hawaii - - Jan-Oct - Zambia - - - - FAO, 1988 Zimbabwe - - - - FAO, 1988 In Taiwan, pruning of sugar apple in January and February leads to harvest from July to September, while pruning between June and October leads to harvest from October to March (Table 11-1) (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Cherimoya fruit quality attributes, such as total soluble solids (TSS) and sugar content, change depending on the pollination time (Nomura et al., 1997). Temperature has a primary effect on the ripening of annona fruit, with low temperature delaying fruit maturation, and high temperatures providing premature ripening on the tree, causing fruit fermentation and fruit fall (George, 1984; George et al., 1987; Nakasone and Paull, 1998). The harvest season of the commercial Annona species differs among countries and regions (Table 11-1). In Colombia, the soursop harvest occurs in two seasons, according to region (Torres and Sánchez, 1992). In the Andean valleys and the lower coffee region (altitude 500 to 1250 m), the major production zones; harvesting 129
Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing occurs between March and June and from October to December, with both seasons producing high quality fruits. Along the Atlantic coast, below 500 m, harvesting occurs between August and October, and the fruits have a very low quality because of the poor genetic resources and the high temperatures of the region (Torres and Sánchez, 1992). In Hawaii, soursop production occurs during most of the year, with two peaks from January to April and from May to August (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). In Brazil, production occurs year round, but in some regions, depending on the temperature and precipitation, the production shows harvesting peaks. All annonas are characterized as climacteric ripening fruits, so fruits are harvested when they reach physiological maturity and are still firm, full ripening occurs after the climacteric peak. Fruits harvested prematurely will soften but have poor quality (Accorsi and Manica, 1994; Coronel, 1994; Nakasone and Paull, 1998). The time of harvesting is determined by the fruit skin colour, which changes with the proximity of physiological maturity. At harvesting time, soursop fruit skin changes from dark green to slightly yellowish-green, while the cherimoya and sugar apple fruits change from greyish green to yellowish-green, but in all cases their pulp should be firm (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). A skin colour index to guide the harvest depends on the location of the market. For local markets, fruits must be harvested when mature, with 20 to 40% yellowish-green skin, and they will ripen in 4 to 6 days; for export markets, 10 to 20% yellowish-green skin is satisfactory, as this will provide slightly more time before ripening without the loss of quality. When the fruits are harvested with more than 75% yellowish-green skin, they will ripen in 1 to 3 days, while fruits harvested at less than 5% do not ripen completely at all (George et al., 1987). Fruit maturation within a plant or orchard is not synchronized, so the harvest season can last for 3 to 6 months. Hence, each tree must be inspected regularly to collect the fruits at the appropriate harvest point. The most suitable time of day to harvest is in the morning just after the evaporation of the dew, when the fruits are dry and fungal rot contamination is less likely (Accorsi and Manica, 1994). Cherimoya fruits are generally harvested when the skin colour changes from greyish green to yellow-green, although some cultivars will change to almost brown (Accorsi and Manica, 1994). However, sometimes the change of skin colour is not very pronounced. Consequently, colour change, pollination time and fruit size are not reliable harvest indices. Therefore, the harvest index 130
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Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
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DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
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Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
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11.5 Processing....................
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10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
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12-1. Commercialization channels fo
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Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
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Preface Increasing demand for exoti
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Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
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Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
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Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
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Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
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Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
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Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
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Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
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Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cult
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
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Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
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Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
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Page 98 and 99: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
Page 104 and 105: Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
Page 108 and 109: Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing ne
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Page 154 and 155: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 12. Economic Information In
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 12. Economic Information In
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 12. Economic Information am
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 12. Economic Information an
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
Page 174 and 175: References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
Page 176 and 177: References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
Page 178 and 179: References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
Page 180 and 181: References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
Page 182 and 183: References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
Page 184 and 185: References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
Page 186 and 187: References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
Page 188 and 189: References Idstein H., Herres W. an
Page 190 and 191: References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
Page 192 and 193: References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
Page 194 and 195: References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
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References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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