Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany opening, pollination and fruit set of this species, it seems obvious from its flower biology (FAO, 1983) that it has problems similar to the other annonas mentioned here. The fruit has an ovate, globose or subglobose form, measuring 2.5 to 5.0 cm in length and 2.5 to 4.0 cm in width (Fig. 2-4). The unripe fruit is green with white specks turning yellow or orange when ripe. The white to yellow edible flesh, which has many seeds, has a pleasant aroma, resembling pineapple, but tasting of apricot. One hundred seeds weigh ca. 40 g. There is a recognized botanical variety, var. posteide (Bail.) Diels., and no known cultivars. There is a dwarf form in Malawi where the plant is so small that the fruits grow 'on the ground' and this form is thought to taste the best by the locals (Williamson, 1974). 5. Annona squamosa (sugar apple) The sugar apple tree is deciduous and much smaller than the soursop, reaching a maximum of 6.0 m in height, with many lateral branches. The stems present lenticels, while the young shoots are pubescent and the oldest are smooth. It was domesticated in the circum-Caribbean or northern South American lowlands. Like other annona species, it has deciduous leaves that are brilliant green above and bluish green below, with petioles 0.7 to 1.5 cm in length. The leaves are oblong-elliptical in form, measuring 5 to 17 cm in length and 2 to 7 cm in width, with an obtuse or acuminate apex. The blade has 15 to 17 pairs of veins (Ochse et al., 1974). The flowers measure 2.0 to 2.5 cm in length and are much smaller than soursop flowers, being similar in size and form to those of cherimoya. Pollination and fruit set problems are similar to those of other annonas. Pollen germination is low and may influence final fruit set, which varies from 5.4% to 5.6% (Thakur and Singh, 1965). The fruit is rounded, heart-shaped, ovate or conical, 5 to 7.5 cm in diameter, 6 to 10 cm in length and weighing 120 to 330 g (Fig. 2-5). Fruit size depends on cultivar, pollination, nutrition and other factors, but its form resembles a hand-grenade, with a tuberculate surface covered with a whitish bloom. The white, custard-like pulp has a pleasant sweet-sour flavour. The fruit contains 35 to 45 black seeds, each 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length and 0.6 to 0.8 cm in width. There are a few recognized cultivars of sugar apple, with the majority of these in India, and their names give some idea of their origin as introductions: ‘Mammoth’, ‘Barbados’, ‘British Guinea’, ‘Balondegar’, ‘Red 17
Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Sitaphal’, and ‘Sindhan’, the last being local to Gujarat (Singh, 1992). A dwarf cultivar is ‘Lal Sitiphal’. Figure 2-5. Botanical characteristics of some plant parts of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) 18
Page 2 and 3: Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
Page 4 and 5: DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
Page 8 and 9: 11.5 Processing....................
Page 10 and 11: 10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
Page 12 and 13: 12-1. Commercialization channels fo
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
Page 16 and 17: Preface Increasing demand for exoti
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cult
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
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Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
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Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
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Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
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Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
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Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
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Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
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Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
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Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
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Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
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Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
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Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
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Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
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Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
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Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
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Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
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Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
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Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing ne
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing de
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
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Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information am
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Chapter 12. Economic Information an
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Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
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Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
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References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
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References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
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References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
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References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
Page 182 and 183:
References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
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References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
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References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
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References Idstein H., Herres W. an
Page 190 and 191:
References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
Page 202 and 203:
References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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