Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cultivar/Selection Country of Origin Cultivar/Selection Country of Origin McPherson (8) USA/California Red Sugar Apple (7) USA/Florida Mossman (1) Australia Mammouth India Negrito (1) Spain Balangar India Ott (1) USA/California Sitaphal (red/lal) India Perry Vidal (2) Portugal/Madeira Borhodes India Pierce (1) USA/California Britishbaroa India Reretai (1) New Zealand Custard Apple Whaley (8) Australia Camino Real (7) Guatemala White (8) USA/California Fairchild Purple (7) USA/Florida Dr.León (7) Young (7) USA/Florida West Java Sources: (1) Nakasone and Paull (1998); (2) Nunes (1997); (3) Pinto and Silva (1996); (4) Lemos (2000 b). India, China and Taiwan have produced a few named cultivars of sugar apple that are propagated vegetatively. In Cuba, researchers developed ‘Cuban Seedless’, which is a seedless cultivar with medium-sized fruits, and another cultivar with low fibre content that is very important for the commercial market (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). In the Philippines, there are 3 forms of sugar apple fruits: (a) a green-fruited seedy form, which is grown in most parts of the country; (b) a purple-fruited seedy form, reportedly introduced from India; (c) and the green-fruited seedless form, which is a recent introduction and whose origin is unknown. The selection of superior strains is aimed in the direction of a green-fruited seedy form (Coronel, 1994). In Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil, some sugar apple growers are producing and commercialising a purple sugar apple type (Plate 1), and north-eastern Brazilian consumers – mainly those with higher per capita income – are buying it much more as an exotic fruit, due to its colour, than because of any other characteristic, since taste and shape are similar to standard green sugar apples. Unfortunately, this sugar apple type has not been totally accepted in the market, because most of the consumers think that the purple fruit is already rotten. 67
Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.5 Role of modern biotechnology 9.5.1 Tissue culture Tissue culture has many uses: a) micropropagation; b) maintenance of germplasm collections; c) embryo rescue; d) development of haploid plants; e) enhancement of variability by somaclonal variation; and f) to prepare explants for transformation methods (Encina et al., 1999; Herrera, 1999). However, for most annona work the main objective is micropropagation, as the conventional methods of propagation are slow and costly, and in some cases, such as with cherimoya, are also inefficient. This appears to be because the morphological potential for rooting of cherimoya is very low (Encina et al., 1999). Researchers have successfully micropropagated cherimoya, sugar apple, soursop and atemoya. Atemoya clonal propagation was described by Rasai et al. (1994). They obtained multiple shoot formation from hypocotyls and nodal cuttings of the cultivar ‘African Pride’. The explants were cultivated in MS medium supplemented with BAP, kinetin, biotin and calcium pantothenate. In spite of improved rooting by shoot pre-treatment in liquid MS medium containing IBA, the percentage of rooting was still low (40%) and remains a limiting factor for commercial micropropagation of atemoya. Benjoy and Hariharam (1992) described plantlet differentiation in soursop. They found a mean of 4.8 shoots per hypocotyl explant growing in an MS medium containing BAP and NAA. However, they reported only relative success in rooting and survival (35%). To improve the system, Lemos and Baker (1998) suggested the use of sorbitol to induce de novo shoot development and Lemos and Blake (1996 c) tried galactose and NAA to stimulate rooting. Nonetheless, no commercial protocol is ready for use. The first haploid plants induced by anther culture in fruit trees were reported by Nair et al. (1983) with sugar apple. The availability of haploids is very important for fruit-breeding, because of the long generation intervals, the highly heterozygous nature of most fruit species and the presence of parthenocarpy and self-incompatibility. These researchers obtained callus differentiation, and formation of triploid roots and shoots from sugar apple endosperm (Nair et al., 1986). Their aim was development of seedless fruits, but a complete plantlet was not obtained. 68
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Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
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DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
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Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
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11.5 Processing....................
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10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
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12-1. Commercialization channels fo
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Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
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Preface Increasing demand for exoti
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Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
Page 104 and 105: Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
Page 108 and 109: Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
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Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
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Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
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Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing ne
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing de
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
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Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information am
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Chapter 12. Economic Information an
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Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
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Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
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References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
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References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
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References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
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References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
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References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
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References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
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References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
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References Idstein H., Herres W. an
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References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
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References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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