Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

9.2 Cytogenetics and genetic aspects .................................................. 55
9.3 Characteristics of annona ideotypes .............................................. 56
9.4 Breeding programme..................................................................... 56
9.4.1 Limiting factors and major constraints ............................. 57
9.4.2 Breeding objectives........................................................... 59
9.4.3 Methods and strategies...................................................... 61
9.4.4 Selection and cultivar development .................................. 64
9.5 Role of modern biotechnology ...................................................... 68
9.5.1 Tissue culture.................................................................... 68
9.5.2 Genetic transformation...................................................... 69
9.5.3 Molecular markers ............................................................ 69
10. Agronomy .............................................................................................. 71
10.1 Propagation.................................................................................. 71
10.1.1 Seed propagation............................................................. 71
10.1.2 Vegetative propagation ................................................... 75
10.2 Field establishment...................................................................... 85
10.2.1 Orchard location.............................................................. 85
10.2.2 Land preparation ............................................................. 85
10.2.3 Time of planting.............................................................. 91
10.2.4 Direct seeding ................................................................. 91
10.2.5 Transplanting and spacing .............................................. 92
10.3 Orchard management................................................................... 93
10.3.1 Windbreaks ..................................................................... 93
10.3.2 Pruning............................................................................ 93
10.3.3 Orchard maintenance, intercropping and cover-cropping99
10.3.4 Flowering, pollination and fruit set............................... 100
10.3.5 Nutrition and fertilization.............................................. 103
10.3.6 Irrigation ....................................................................... 111
10.3.7 Pest and disease management ....................................... 116
10.3.7.1 Pests.................................................................. 117
10.3.7.2 Diseases............................................................ 122
10.3.8 Physiological disorders ................................................. 126
11. Harvest, Postharvest and Processing................................................. 127
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 127
11.2 Harvest ...................................................................................... 128
11.3 Postharvest handling.................................................................. 132
11.3.1 Physiological changes................................................... 132
11.3.2 Handling........................................................................ 133
11.4 Storage....................................................................................... 134
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