Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

Chapter 6. Properties
1991; Roblot et al., 1993; Philipov et al., 1994; Pinto and Silva, 1994; Wu et
al., 1995 b; Rieser et al., 1996; Yu et al., 1998), and unsaturated and
saturated fatty acids (Bueso, 1980; Castro et al., 1984; Pinto and Silva,
1994). The main types of unsaturated fatty acids found in soursop seeds are
oleic (41%), linoleic (33%) and palmitoleic (2%) acids, together making up
76% of total fats. The saturated fatty acids are palmitic (19%) and stearic
(5%), together making up 24% (Castro et al., 1984; Pinto and Silva, 1994).
Custard apple: In custard apple leaves and stem bark there are acetogenins
that have cytotoxic activity and potential use in cancer treatments (Hisham et
al., 1994). Custard apple seeds have bioactive acetogenins (Chang et al.,
1998), diterpenoids, alkaloids and n-fatty acyl tryptamines as structural
components (Maeda et al., 1993). Diterpenoids are represented by kaurane
and kaurene types (Maeda et al., 1993). Dopamin is also present in seeds
(Maeda et al., 1993). In fruits, there are essential oils which account for their
characteristic perfume and flavour. In stem and root barks there are amino
acids and ent-kaurenoids (Fatope et al., 1996).
Wild soursop: The most important chemical constituents found in leaves of
wild soursop are aliphatic ketone, alkanes, alkanols, fatty acids, flavonoids,
sterols, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids (Langason et al., 1994; You et
al., 1995). Unidentified bioactive substances found in wild soursop leaves
reduce the feeding activity of insects (Abubakar and Abdurahman, 1998).
There are also alkaloids, such as aporphine and (-) roemerine, with cytotoxic
activity (Cassady, 1990). These enhance the cytotoxic response mediated by
vinblastine in multidrug resistance to KB V1 cells and interact with P
glycoproteins (You et al., 1995). Seeds also contain cytotoxic acetogenins
(Sahpaz et al., 1996).
Sugar apple: Sugar apple leaves are rich in aporphines (Salluja and Santani,
1990) and fruits contain diterpenoids. Bark contains acetogenins (Chao-Ming
et al., 1997; Hopp et al., 1997; 1998). Squamotacin (similar to bullatacin)
and molvizarin acetogenins have cytotoxic activity against prostate tumour
cell lines (Hopp et al., 1996). Fatty acid composition of seeds is: stearic acid
(9.3%), oleic acid (37%), linoleic acid (10.9%), arachidic acid (3.3%) and
isoricinoleic acid (9.8%) (Leal, 1990). The seeds also contain terpene
hydrocarbon essential oils, such as alpha pirene, beta pirene, limorene, beta
farnesene and trans orimene (Leal, 1990).
Sugar apple seeds are also rich in acetogenins, diterpenes and saponin
(Salluja and Santani, 1990; Li et al., 1990; Nonfon et al., 1990;
Mukhopadhhyay et al., 1993; Chao-Ming et al., 1997; Hernández and Angel,
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