Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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Acknowledgements This report was written by Dr. Anthony M. Cresswell. He headed a team of national consultants from the UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (PROAP), which carried out the educational finance review between July 1998 and March 1999 in the framework of the ADB-funded Education Management and Financing Study (TA. 2996-THA). The review benefited from substantive and administrative support provided by the Office of the National Education Commission (ONEC). The following individuals were involved in this study: Consultant team Dr. Anthony M. Cresswell, UNESCO international consultant Associate Professor, University at Albany-State University of New York, USA Dr. Sirilaksana Khoman, UNESCO national consultant Associate Professor and Dean, faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, Bangkok Dr. Snong Lhitwisas, UNESCO national consultant Head, Information Technology Center, Non-Formal Education Department, Ministry of Education ONEC Officials and Researchers Dr. Nongram Setapanich, Deputy Secretary General, ONEC Ms Supaporn Kohengkul, Education Officer, ONEC Ms Prapapan Vongsarochana, Education Officer, ONEC Ms Pannee Peerapornratana, Education Officer, ONEC Oregon, USA Mr. Panthep Larpkesorn, Education Officer, ONEC Ms. Ratchada Jayagupta, Education Officer ONEC ii
Table of Contents A. Executive Summary..................................................................................1 1. Purposes of the Review...............................................................................1 2. Financial Crisis ...........................................................................................1 3. Implications of the Financial Crisis for Educational Finance ....................1 4. Educational Reform Initiatives ...................................................................2 5. Education in the National Budget: Structure, Process, and Allocations ..................................................................................................3 6. Government Expenditure Issues .................................................................5 7. Private Educational Expenditure ................................................................7 8. Issues of Equity...........................................................................................8 9. Information Systems for Financial Management and Policy .....................9 10. Recommendations.....................................................................................11 11. Comparison of Basic Components of Current System and Recommendations.....................................................................................24 B. Purposes and Context of Educational Finance Review.......................25 1. Background .............................................................................................25 1.1 Purposes of the Review..................................................................25 1.2 Financial Crisis ..............................................................................25 1.3 Implications of the Financial Crisis for Educational Finance .......29 1.4 Educational Reform Initiatives ......................................................34 2. Review of Educational Finance in Thailand.........................................40 2.1 National Budget: Structure, Process, and Allocations...................40 2.2 Government Expenditure Issues ....................................................50 2.3 Private Educational Expenditure ...................................................61 2.4 Issues of Equity..............................................................................70 2.5 Student Count Allocation Mechanisms: Implications for Equity and Efficiency ....................................................................78 2.6 Information Systems for Financial Management and Policy ........82 3. Recommendations...................................................................................86 3.1 An approach to Education Finance Reforms.................................86 3.2 Financing Basic Educational Programs.........................................87 3.3 Higher Education Financing ........................................................104 3.4 Implementation Issues .................................................................106 3.5 Information Systems and Resources............................................108 References .........................................................................................................111 Appendixes........................................................................................................114 iii
Page 1: - Volume II/3 - Educational Finance
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mission and operations. The term
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The information requirements for fi
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Description and assessment of compu
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Table 3: Existing computer systems
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Table 3: Continued Current existing
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Description of flows of financial i
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(teachers, facilities, etc) if data
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Table 4: Continued. Content of curr
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Table 5: Assessment of information
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An assessment of information system
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general administration, these syste
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Recommendation for IS Most involved
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6. The nation wide implementation.
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References Office of the permanent
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Office of private education commiss
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Interviews 10 September 1998, 9:00-
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Appendix 2 Projections of Costs of
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Projected Cost Increases for Expand
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Identification of Schools for Sampl
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8. Please place an X in a box below
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enrollment as a whole growing at an
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Figure 1: Thailand’s Development
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Table 5: Crude transition rates of
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and level of education, 1993 and 19
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2.31 Questionable quality of educat
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income inequality between agricultu
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4.1.4. The percentages calculated f
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Table 11: Public and Private sector
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4.3.8. As would be expected, unempl
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5.7 The dilemma is to balance the s
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Table 14: Unemployment and Underemp
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there any activities that would be
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References Chalongphob Sussangkarn
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Appendix 6 BMA Voucher Policy A. Lo
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Appendix 7 Finance Allocation Metho
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Appendix 8 Program Structure of the
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Not all possible flows are show, si
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Appendix 11 Results of Regression A
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Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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