Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
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F<strong>in</strong>al Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: <strong>Educational</strong> <strong>F<strong>in</strong>ance</strong> <strong>UNESCO</strong>-PROAP TA 2996-THA<br />
Education Management and <strong>F<strong>in</strong>ance</strong> Study July 1999<br />
Figure 11 - Education Expenditure as % of GDP, International Comparisons<br />
Education Expenditure as % of GDP<br />
Per Cent of GDP<br />
7.0%<br />
6.0%<br />
5.0%<br />
4.0%<br />
3.0%<br />
2.0%<br />
1.0%<br />
0.0%<br />
1978<br />
1980<br />
1982<br />
1984<br />
1986<br />
1988<br />
1990<br />
1992<br />
1994<br />
1996<br />
Year<br />
<strong>Thailand</strong> Malaysia Indonesia Philipp<strong>in</strong>es<br />
2.2.2. Expenditure levels with<strong>in</strong> the education sector<br />
The distribution of educational f<strong>in</strong>ances over levels with<strong>in</strong> the system <strong>in</strong>volves<br />
issues of adequacy, equity, and efficiency. That is, even if the aggregate amounts<br />
provided for the education system are adequate overall, there may be problems of<br />
maldistribution across levels and categories of expenditure with<strong>in</strong> the system. This<br />
section exam<strong>in</strong>es these allocation patterns and identifies areas <strong>in</strong> need of attention.<br />
2.2.2.1. F<strong>in</strong>ancial Allocation Across Levels of Education<br />
a. The ma<strong>in</strong> levels identified with<strong>in</strong> Thai education are pre-primary (three years of<br />
pre-school, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g k<strong>in</strong>dergarten), primary (grades 1-6), lower secondary<br />
(grades 7-9), and upper secondary (grades 10-2), and tertiary or higher education.<br />
Compulsory education <strong>in</strong>cludes the primary and lower secondary levels. Preprimary<br />
consists of a highly varied mix of programs that <strong>in</strong>clude k<strong>in</strong>dergartens <strong>in</strong><br />
primary schools and pre-school programs operated by communities, temples, and<br />
other public and private organizations. Upper secondary <strong>in</strong>cludes both vocational<br />
and general education schools and programs, and falls under a separate<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istrative structure from the primary levels. These aggregate expenditures<br />
across levels of education <strong>in</strong>clude subsidies to private schools as well. The totals<br />
for the 1998 budget are shown <strong>in</strong> Table 4 below.<br />
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