Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 the commitment to education and therefore the absolute size of the education share will remain high, becoming a larger percentage of the total government budget. By contrast in periods of more rapid economic growth, say 1986-98, the education share drops. The same pattern is observed in the latest period, in which the economy slows and the education share rises again. Figure 10 - Trends in Thai education budget as % of GDP Education as Per Cent of National Budget 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 % of RTG % of Malaysia % of Indonesia % of Philippines c. When compared with other countries, the expenditure on education in Thailand as a share of the GDP is quite similar, and shows a relatively high level of effort. However, there is not a single group of Asian countries that form a fully satisfactory comparison group for Thailand. Since Thailand is a member of ASEAN, that group of nine countries forms a basis for regional comparisons. However, this group also includes low-income countries (by World Bank classification) which do not necessarily make for valid comparisons with Thailand, a middle income country. In addition, it is also useful to view comparisons with higher income countries, such as the OECD members. Thailand’s history of rapid and successful economic development prior to this financial crisis indicate that it can move into the higher income ranges under favorable circumstances. Planners may also use view policies in high-income countries as targets for development. Therefore the comparisons in Figure 11 below are a mix of Asian countries of varying income levels. 52
Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 Figure 11 - Education Expenditure as % of GDP, International Comparisons Education Expenditure as % of GDP Per Cent of GDP 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines 2.2.2. Expenditure levels within the education sector The distribution of educational finances over levels within the system involves issues of adequacy, equity, and efficiency. That is, even if the aggregate amounts provided for the education system are adequate overall, there may be problems of maldistribution across levels and categories of expenditure within the system. This section examines these allocation patterns and identifies areas in need of attention. 2.2.2.1. Financial Allocation Across Levels of Education a. The main levels identified within Thai education are pre-primary (three years of pre-school, including kindergarten), primary (grades 1-6), lower secondary (grades 7-9), and upper secondary (grades 10-2), and tertiary or higher education. Compulsory education includes the primary and lower secondary levels. Preprimary consists of a highly varied mix of programs that include kindergartens in primary schools and pre-school programs operated by communities, temples, and other public and private organizations. Upper secondary includes both vocational and general education schools and programs, and falls under a separate administrative structure from the primary levels. These aggregate expenditures across levels of education include subsidies to private schools as well. The totals for the 1998 budget are shown in Table 4 below. 53
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- Volume II/3 - Educational Finance
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Table of Contents A. Executive Summ
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Table of Tables Table 1 Adjustments
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Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figur
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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony.
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mission and operations. The term
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The information requirements for fi
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Description and assessment of compu
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Table 3: Existing computer systems
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Table 3: Continued Current existing
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Description of flows of financial i
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(teachers, facilities, etc) if data
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Table 4: Continued. Content of curr
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Table 5: Assessment of information
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An assessment of information system
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general administration, these syste
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Recommendation for IS Most involved
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6. The nation wide implementation.
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References Office of the permanent
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Office of private education commiss
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Interviews 10 September 1998, 9:00-
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Appendix 2 Projections of Costs of
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Projected Cost Increases for Expand
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Identification of Schools for Sampl
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8. Please place an X in a box below
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enrollment as a whole growing at an
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Figure 1: Thailand’s Development
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Table 5: Crude transition rates of
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and level of education, 1993 and 19
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2.31 Questionable quality of educat
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income inequality between agricultu
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4.1.4. The percentages calculated f
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Table 11: Public and Private sector
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4.3.8. As would be expected, unempl
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5.7 The dilemma is to balance the s
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Table 14: Unemployment and Underemp
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there any activities that would be
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References Chalongphob Sussangkarn
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Appendix 6 BMA Voucher Policy A. Lo
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Appendix 7 Finance Allocation Metho
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Appendix 8 Program Structure of the
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Not all possible flows are show, si
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Appendix 11 Results of Regression A
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Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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