Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok
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F<strong>in</strong>al Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: <strong>Educational</strong> <strong>F<strong>in</strong>ance</strong> <strong>UNESCO</strong>-PROAP TA 2996-THA<br />
Education Management and <strong>F<strong>in</strong>ance</strong> Study July 1999<br />
Figure 13 - Tuition and <strong>in</strong>direct expenditure on school<strong>in</strong>g<br />
by type of school (1997 survey)<br />
Tuition and Indirect Private Expenditure on School<strong>in</strong>g by Type of School<br />
1997 Survey<br />
30,000<br />
Expenditure (Baht)<br />
25,000<br />
20,000<br />
15,000<br />
10,000<br />
5,000<br />
Indirect<br />
Tuition<br />
-<br />
Pub. Pre-Prim.<br />
Priv. Pre-Prim.<br />
Pub. Prim.<br />
Priv. Prim.<br />
Pub. L.S.<br />
Priv. L.S.<br />
Pub. U.S.<br />
Priv. U.S.<br />
Pub. V.E.<br />
Priv. V.E.<br />
Pub.Tot.<br />
Priv.Tot.<br />
School Type<br />
e. Before a treatment of the policy implications of these expenditure patterns, it is<br />
necessary to review the differences between the private expenditure estimates<br />
from the ONEC survey and those from the National Social Survey (NSS). The<br />
NSS 1996 survey of a sample of all households shows an average monthly<br />
education-related expenditure of 450 Baht. Annualized to 5400 Baht, this<br />
compares favorably to the results of the ONEC survey, s<strong>in</strong>ce the NSS sample<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded households with no children <strong>in</strong> school. The 1996 average is a 14 per cent<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease from the 396 Baht monthly figure reported for 1994. The 450 Baht/month<br />
represents approximately 5 percent of total expenditure reported. There was<br />
considerable variation among areas of <strong>Thailand</strong>, from a high of 992 Baht (6.3% of<br />
expenditures) <strong>in</strong> BMA, to a low of 333 Baht (4% of Expenditures) <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Northeast Region. These variations track the overall levels of <strong>in</strong>come <strong>in</strong> the<br />
regions.<br />
f. S<strong>in</strong>ce the NSS is based on a representative sample of the population, it can be<br />
used as the basis for an estimate of the total household-level expenditure on<br />
education. The average household size reported <strong>in</strong> the NSS for 1996 is 3.6<br />
persons, yield<strong>in</strong>g a per capita annual expenditure on education of 1500 Baht.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce the 1990 population of <strong>Thailand</strong> was 54.5 million, the 1996 population<br />
could be estimated at 60 million, yield<strong>in</strong>g a private education expenditure of<br />
approximately 90,000 Million Baht, compared to the total Royal Thai Government<br />
education budget of a little over 200,000 Million Baht (prelim<strong>in</strong>ary estimate).<br />
Thus for the households with children <strong>in</strong> school, the expenditure on education is a<br />
major proportion of the total cost, often exceed<strong>in</strong>g the government-funded portion.<br />
And for the nation as a whole, the private expenditure adds nearly half as much as<br />
the direct government allocation. It is even quite likely that these overall estimates<br />
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