Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 regions and relative wealth of provinces were examined. One indicator of the degree to which resources compensate for economic disadvantage is the correlation of wealth measures with resource allocations. Positive correlation coefficients indicate that more resources are going to wealthier provinces, while negative values indicate an equalizing effect. In Table 15 below, the bivariate correlation coefficients of selected province resources with two measures of wealth: gross provincial product per capita and income per capita. Table 15 - Correlation of province resources with wealth Correlation Coefficient Province Amount GPP/capita Income/capita Number Gen. Sec. Expend./pupil 0.22 0.15 47[1] Higher Ed. Institution Expend. 0.24 * 0.31 ** 76 Higher Ed. Total Expend. 0.24 * 0.31 ** 76 Lower Ed. Exp. per pupil -0.33 ** -0.30 ** 76 Sec. Ed. Exp. per pupil 0.03 -0.01 76 Students/Teacher-Upper Sec. -0.06 -0.04 76 Students/Teacher-Primary 0.38 ** 0.49 ** 76 Upper Secondary Enrollment 0.25 * 0.31 ** 76 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Note [1] General Secondary Education budget data available for 47 provinces only. b. The correlation coefficients show a consistent pattern. All of the measures for lower or primary education resources show a relatively small equalizing distribution. Although the relationship of lower education expenditure per pupil to wealth is not a strong one, it is negative and statistically significant, showing higher expenditure levels in poorer provinces. Similarly, primary-level class sizes are positively related to wealth, indicating somewhat smaller classes in poorer provinces. None of the measures for secondary or higher education resources show evidence of an equalizing distribution. General secondary expenditure and overall secondary expenditure per pupil have wealth neutral distributions. However, higher education expenditure, upper secondary teacher allocations, and upper secondary enrollment (a proxy for expenditure), all show a positive correlation with wealth. These resources are distributed in ways that favor the wealthier provinces, though to a relatively small degree. c. A representation of the differences in the lower versus higher education distributions is shown in Figure 19 below. For this figure, the provinces were ranked according to gross provincial product per capita, and the ranking divided into quartiles (lowest 25 per cent of the ranking in the first group, and so forth) 15 . The average primary and higher education expenditure per capita is then computed for each quartile. The wealth neutrality of the primary allocation is shown in the lack of clear trend in those bars. The higher education expenditure shows a distinct increase from lowest to highest wealth quartile. Higher education 15 The provinces in each quartile are listed in Appendix 12. 74
Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 allocations thus appear to have a distinct disequalizing distribution, with greater resources per capita flowing to the higher wealth provinces. This pattern is inconsistent with policies calling for equity in educational opportunity. Figure 19 - Average primary and higher education expenditure per capita by province wealth quartiles Primary and Higher Education Expenditure Per Capita by Province Wealth Quartiles 3000 Average Expenditure per Capita (Baht) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 lowest 2 3 highest Total Wealth Quartiles Primary Exp/Capita Higher Ed Exp/Capita d. An examination of allocation of both financial and teacher resources to primary education shows a similar pattern of wealth neutrality. When the expenditure per pupil and student teacher ratios for primary education are compared across the province wealth quartiles, a consistently even distribution is shown, as in Figure 20 below. This consistency with respect to wealth differences has both positive and negative implications. It is positive in that the existing policies and investments do not apparently aggravate existing wealth or other disparities, and reflect an even-handed approach to resource allocation. However, the wealth disparities among the provinces are substantial. To treat them all equally with respect to the government’s educational allocations does little to compensate for the disadvantages of poverty and relative isolation. More equitable resource allocation policies would include compensatory allocations of some magnitude as well. Approaches to such policies are discussed in the recommendations section. 75
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- Volume II/3 - Educational Finance
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Table of Contents A. Executive Summ
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Table of Tables Table 1 Adjustments
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Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figur
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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony.
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Table 3: Existing computer systems
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Table 3: Continued Current existing
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Description of flows of financial i
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(teachers, facilities, etc) if data
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Table 4: Continued. Content of curr
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Table 5: Assessment of information
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An assessment of information system
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general administration, these syste
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Recommendation for IS Most involved
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6. The nation wide implementation.
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References Office of the permanent
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Office of private education commiss
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Interviews 10 September 1998, 9:00-
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Appendix 2 Projections of Costs of
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Projected Cost Increases for Expand
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Identification of Schools for Sampl
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8. Please place an X in a box below
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enrollment as a whole growing at an
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Figure 1: Thailand’s Development
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Table 5: Crude transition rates of
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and level of education, 1993 and 19
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2.31 Questionable quality of educat
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income inequality between agricultu
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4.1.4. The percentages calculated f
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Table 11: Public and Private sector
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4.3.8. As would be expected, unempl
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5.7 The dilemma is to balance the s
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Table 14: Unemployment and Underemp
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there any activities that would be
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References Chalongphob Sussangkarn
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Appendix 6 BMA Voucher Policy A. Lo
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Appendix 7 Finance Allocation Metho
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Appendix 8 Program Structure of the
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Not all possible flows are show, si
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Appendix 11 Results of Regression A
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Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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