Educational Finance in Thailand - UNESCO Bangkok

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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 Figure 13 - Tuition and indirect expenditure on schooling by type of school (1997 survey) Tuition and Indirect Private Expenditure on Schooling by Type of School 1997 Survey 30,000 Expenditure (Baht) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Indirect Tuition - Pub. Pre-Prim. Priv. Pre-Prim. Pub. Prim. Priv. Prim. Pub. L.S. Priv. L.S. Pub. U.S. Priv. U.S. Pub. V.E. Priv. V.E. Pub.Tot. Priv.Tot. School Type e. Before a treatment of the policy implications of these expenditure patterns, it is necessary to review the differences between the private expenditure estimates from the ONEC survey and those from the National Social Survey (NSS). The NSS 1996 survey of a sample of all households shows an average monthly education-related expenditure of 450 Baht. Annualized to 5400 Baht, this compares favorably to the results of the ONEC survey, since the NSS sample included households with no children in school. The 1996 average is a 14 per cent increase from the 396 Baht monthly figure reported for 1994. The 450 Baht/month represents approximately 5 percent of total expenditure reported. There was considerable variation among areas of Thailand, from a high of 992 Baht (6.3% of expenditures) in BMA, to a low of 333 Baht (4% of Expenditures) in the Northeast Region. These variations track the overall levels of income in the regions. f. Since the NSS is based on a representative sample of the population, it can be used as the basis for an estimate of the total household-level expenditure on education. The average household size reported in the NSS for 1996 is 3.6 persons, yielding a per capita annual expenditure on education of 1500 Baht. Since the 1990 population of Thailand was 54.5 million, the 1996 population could be estimated at 60 million, yielding a private education expenditure of approximately 90,000 Million Baht, compared to the total Royal Thai Government education budget of a little over 200,000 Million Baht (preliminary estimate). Thus for the households with children in school, the expenditure on education is a major proportion of the total cost, often exceeding the government-funded portion. And for the nation as a whole, the private expenditure adds nearly half as much as the direct government allocation. It is even quite likely that these overall estimates 64
Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony. Cresswell: Educational Finance UNESCO-PROAP TA 2996-THA Education Management and Finance Study July 1999 understate the total cost to households, which can include substantial opportunity costs resulting from transporting children and helping with schoolwork. These estimates also ignore the value of contributions in kind to the schools, which can be substantial as well. These are discussed in the section dealing with private support to schools(Section 2.3). 2.3.1.2. Private Higher Education Expenditure a. The relative levels of household expenditure on higher education are quite similar to those for basic education. That is, the amounts from private sources are comparable to the government allocations. The average amounts reported for private expenditure are show by type of institution in Table 11 below. Table 11 - Average private expenditure on higher education by type of institution (ONEC survey) Average Number of Type of Institution Expenses Tuition Total Cost Households Min. of Univ. Affairs 27,330 19,171 46,657 2793 Rajabhat 19,634 8,774 28,654 1420 RIT 26,017 16,134 42,085 416 Private 28,352 31,427 58,413 23 Total 24,869 15,495 40,608 4652 These amounts are comparable to, and to some degree above the per head expenditure levels reported by the ONEC for 1994 in Table 9 above. Since the overall expenditure on higher education has increased substantially since 1994, current estimates for the government share are likely to be considerably higher. The only area in which the government share appears to be substantially higher than the private expenditure levels is for the closed universities. The per head government expenditure of over 60,000 Baht reflects a very high level of capital investment; the recurrent cost is closer to the private levels reported in Table 11. Full-time equivalent enrollment data for each type of higher educational institution were not available for this analysis. Since the reported enrollments in higher education include full- and part- time students, accurate per head calculations could not be made with current budget data. 65
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- Volume II/3 - Educational Finance
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Table of Contents A. Executive Summ
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Table of Tables Table 1 Adjustments
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Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figur
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Final Report, Volume II/3 Anthony.
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mission and operations. The term
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The information requirements for fi
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Table 1: Continued Dept. Flow of Re
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Description and assessment of compu
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Table 3: Existing computer systems
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Table 3: Continued Current existing
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Description of flows of financial i
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(teachers, facilities, etc) if data
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Table 4: Continued. Content of curr
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Table 5: Assessment of information
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An assessment of information system
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general administration, these syste
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Recommendation for IS Most involved
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6. The nation wide implementation.
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References Office of the permanent
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Office of private education commiss
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Interviews 10 September 1998, 9:00-
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Appendix 2 Projections of Costs of
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Projected Cost Increases for Expand
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Identification of Schools for Sampl
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8. Please place an X in a box below
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enrollment as a whole growing at an
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Figure 1: Thailand’s Development
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Table 5: Crude transition rates of
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and level of education, 1993 and 19
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2.31 Questionable quality of educat
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income inequality between agricultu
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4.1.4. The percentages calculated f
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Table 11: Public and Private sector
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4.3.8. As would be expected, unempl
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5.7 The dilemma is to balance the s
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Table 14: Unemployment and Underemp
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there any activities that would be
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References Chalongphob Sussangkarn
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Appendix 6 BMA Voucher Policy A. Lo
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Appendix 7 Finance Allocation Metho
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Appendix 8 Program Structure of the
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Not all possible flows are show, si
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Appendix 11 Results of Regression A
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