Income-Generating Activities - Action Against Hunger

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CHAPTER 1: JUSTIFICATION AND DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMES THAT PROMOTE AND SUPPORT INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES SUMMARY • IGA can be a successful response for the recuperation and/or strengthening of livelihood systems and food security if income is a fundamental dimension of these systems. • Universal recipes for the implementation of this type of programme do not exist. It is necessary to evaluate the relevance of the programme in each situation and adapt the activities to the specific characteristics of the context. • Before the introduction of new types of IGA, the reactivation and/or strengthening of traditional activities is recommended whenever possible: the impact will be more rapid and more sustainable. • As with other types of interventions, these programmes can produce unexpected negative impacts. It is necessary to evaluate all possible risks and to weigh the negative versus positive aspects before initiating the programme. • <strong>Income</strong> generation programmes do not always represent a relevant alternative for the most vulnerable population sectors. • The motivation and participation of the population to be involved in the project are indispensable conditions for any IGA programme. During the last decades, the analysis surrounding food security has evolved to include different initiatives aimed at improving the income generating opportunities of the most vulnerable. In the seventies, the concept of food security was understood in terms of food availability, and only during the eighties ideas of access to and use of food were incorporated as new aspects of the concept, assuming that for vulnerable populations food security was a priority. However, analysis of the processes that lead to food insecurity has demonstrated that in periods of scarcity or crisis, the affected populations may choose to suffer a certain level of hunger before selling or consuming their productive assets, as this would undermine their future earning capacity. This is why it is necessary to understand that food security for the vulnerable population forms part of a larger objective that includes social and economic criteria ensuring the security of livelihoods 2 . 2 “Food security will be achieved when equitable growth ensures that the poor and vulnerable have sustainable livelihoods” (Maxwell 1990, quoted in Maxwell and Frankenberger, 1992: 31). INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES: A KEY CONCEPT IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURTIY 9
➔ Populations that are facing chronic food insecurity 3 do not have secure livelihoods to cover their basic needs. This weakness causes vulnerability and an impossibility of coping with shocks and adversity; it opens the door to processes that can lead to severe hunger and chronic or acute malnutrition. Of course, it is necessary to intervene to alleviate imminent hunger; however, experience has shown that these types of initiatives do not resolve the problem: the cause itself is not addressed. Although the complexity of the subject does not easily lead to proposals for alternative solutions, the support and strengthening of livelihoods may represent a suitable and sustainable strategy. Interventions conceived within this type of strategy include those that promote and support income generating activities and all aspects that influence their implementation and development. Some theoretical aspects regarding livelihoods will be presented below, as will the objectives and principles that characterize the income generating programmes and projects that have been carried out by ACF. I. Livelihood In the first book of this series, “Introduction to Food Security”, livelihood is defined as the combination of all activities developed in relation to the resources that permit households to cover their needs in order to continue surviving and developing. Various elements at different levels interact within these systems: • The context of vulnerability may reflect geographical factors, climate, history, demographics, and the social and economic situation. This context defines the risks that the population faces. • The resources or assets to which the family or individuals have access, control or possess and with which they carry out productive processes, participate in the labour market or use for exchange with other families or individuals. These can be classified in the following manner: – Natural capital: made up of natural resources such as land, water and other biological resources. – Physical capital: includes the goods that have been created through productive processes, for example infrastructure (roads, bridges) and machinery. 3 Chronic food insecurity refers to situations in which diet is poor due to lack of food and lack of economic access to it. It may have cyclical periods in which the scarcity becomes acute due to environmental conditions and lack of services which limit opportunities for adequate exploitation of the resources. The lack of resources limits the processes of sustainable development. 10 INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES: A KEY CONCEPT IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURTIY
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➔ Incomes and expenses of the IGA
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➔ • The success of the experien
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CHAPTER 6: LESSONS LEARNED Some of
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CHAPTER 7: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIO
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LIST OF FIGURES Pages Figure 1: Liv
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