P461–464.Poster Session, Thursday, June 17Theme F686 - N1123The Effect of TiCN Coat<strong>in</strong>gs on Frictional Properties of Orthodontic Archwires11111Uengül DanmanUP P*, Soner SavaP P, Gülfem IkP P, Tancan UysalP Pand Ahmet YacP1PErciyes University, Kayseri-TurkeyAbstract-One of the ma<strong>in</strong> problems <strong>in</strong> the orthodontic treatment is the frictional forces on the archwires. The geometry of an archwire and thecoat<strong>in</strong>gs applied on archwires affect these forces. In this study, the archwires were coated with TiCN by us<strong>in</strong>g dc reactive magnetron sputter<strong>in</strong>gmethod. It was found that the coefficient of frictions of the TiCN coated archwires were much lower than those of uncoated archwires.Hard ceramic coat<strong>in</strong>gs deposited by PVD (Physical VapourDeposition) techniques have been widely used <strong>in</strong> different<strong>in</strong>dustries because of their excellent coat<strong>in</strong>g properties: highhardness, good wear, corrosion and oxidation resistance,chemical resistance and good adhesion to the substrate. Today,<strong>in</strong> the field of biomedical applications - such as surgical tools,implants, lenses, stents, and materials used <strong>in</strong> dentistry - Ti,TiN, ZrN, TiAlN, DLC, etc. are successfully used as s<strong>in</strong>gle ormultilayered or nanolayered coat<strong>in</strong>gs. These coat<strong>in</strong>gs alsohave good bio-conformity with the human body [1-6].The objective of this study was to shorten the activetreatment time <strong>in</strong> the orthodontic treatment by reduc<strong>in</strong>g thestatic and dynamic friction between the brackets andarchwires. It was clearly seen that the friction was affected notonly archwire geometry and materials but also surface qualityof archwires. Today, esthetic brackets are preferred to thetraditional ones and, therefore, frictional forces on archwiresare <strong>in</strong>creased. These forces affect the movement of thearchwire and extend the duration of the treatment. Therefore,low frictional coat<strong>in</strong>gs are very important for orthodonticarchwires.In this study, the archwires were coated with TiCN by us<strong>in</strong>gdc reactive magnetron sputter<strong>in</strong>g method with the optimumdeposition parameters. The dynamic and static frictionalforces and surface roughnesses of the TiCN-coated anduncoated archwires (NiTi, BTi (TMA) and sta<strong>in</strong>less steelarchwires, 0.017"x0.025" and Ø0.016" <strong>in</strong> dimensions) weremeasured. Then, the friction coefficients of TiCN coated anduncoated archwires were determ<strong>in</strong>ed by us<strong>in</strong>g CSEM testerunder the frictional forces (10 mm/m<strong>in</strong> progress speed and 10N load were used as test parameters) and the results werediscussed comparatively.The friction tests showed that TiCN coated archwires hadlower coefficient of friction values than those of uncoatedarchwires. The coefficient of frictions of the TiCN coated B-Ti, Ni-Ti archwires as shown <strong>in</strong> the Fig.1b were foundsuperior to the sta<strong>in</strong>less steel <strong>in</strong> spite of the roughness ofsta<strong>in</strong>less steel was lower than the others (Figure 1a). In theliterature it was not encountered that friction and roughnesswas def<strong>in</strong>itely related each other [1-7].These f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>dicate that TiCN coated B-Ti archwireshowed lowest friction coefficient but these results are nearthe values of TiCN coated Ni-Ti archwires. The obta<strong>in</strong>edresults are <strong>in</strong> good agreement with the literature.Figure 1. a) RRaR surface roughness, b) coefficient of friction values ofthe coated and uncoated archwires of different geometry.This study was supported by the Office of Scientific ResearchProjects <strong>in</strong> Erciyes University (Project no: FBT-09853).*Correspond<strong>in</strong>g author: sdanisman@erciyes.edu.trT[1] TProbst, J., Gbureck, UT., Thull, R., 2001, Surface and Coat<strong>in</strong>gsTTechnology, 148, 226-233.[2] Vadraj, A., Kamaraj, M., 2007T, Tribology International, 40, 82-88.T[3] TPaschoal, A.L., Vanânco, E.C., Canale L.C.F., Slva, O.L.,Huerta-Vlca, D., Motheo A.J., 2003T, 27 (5), T[4] Kobayashi, S., Ohgoe, Y., Ozeki, K., Sato, KT., Sumya, T.,Hrakur, K.K., H. Aok, H., 2005, 14, 1094– 1097.T[5] Ohgoe, Y. et al., T2006, Th<strong>in</strong> Solid Films, 497, 218–222.[6] Redlich, M., Katz, A., Rapoport, L., T Wagner, H.D., Feldman Y.,Tenne RT., T2008,T TDental Materials, Article <strong>in</strong> Pres.T[7] Kusy, R.P., Whitley, J.Q., Mayhew, M.J., Buckthal, J.E., 1988,Angle Orthod., 58 (1), 33-45.6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference, zmir, 2010 743
PPoster Session, Thursday, June 17Theme F686 - N11231Dilatation Fields Of The NiSiR2R/Si Bicrystal1UHülya ÖztürkUP P*PAhi Evran University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, 40100, Krehir, TurkeyAbstract- The elastic displacement and dilatation fields are derived <strong>in</strong> the frame of the classical isotropic elasticity theory by us<strong>in</strong>g a Fourierseries analysis for the two media, one of the media tends to <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ity and the other one has the thickness of h. These two media are supposed toobey classical Hooke’s law and are assumed to be elastically isotropic. The dilatation fields depend on thickness of h. Applications werepresented for the NiSiR2R/Si bicrystal.Because of the fact that the diffusion paths of vacancies andatomic species are orthonormal curves to equi-dilatationsurfaces, it is important to determ<strong>in</strong>e the dilatation fields.Several authors have <strong>in</strong>vestigated dilatation fields of bi<strong>crystals</strong>[1-3]. Dilatation fields have been calculated <strong>in</strong> the twoisotropic media which have biperiodic networks of misfitdislocations <strong>in</strong> their <strong>in</strong>terfaces. Interfacial dislocationsnetworks produce <strong>in</strong> each medium the displacement and stressfields whose components can be developed <strong>in</strong> Fourier series[2,4].Limit<strong>in</strong>g boundary conditions have been <strong>in</strong>vestigatedbecause the elasticity problem is too difficult <strong>in</strong> the generalcase. Along the <strong>in</strong>terface normal forces are transmitted [5-6]and along the free surface there are no applied stresses [7].Therefore, for x 2h the 2 j( j = 1, 2, 3) are zero. Therelative <strong>in</strong>terfacial displacement fields u 1and u vary3l<strong>in</strong>early versus x and x between two parallel dislocation1 3l<strong>in</strong>es spaced with a , respectively.In this study, partly based on some previous formulations[2,3,8] used for an epitaxial layer deposited on a substrate, itwas present the relative displacement (Figure 1) and dilatation(Figure 2) curves for the NiSiR2R/Si bicrystal.-10.00Dilatation50.0030.0010.00-30.000.00 20. 00 40.00 60.00h (nm)Figure 2. Dilatation for misfit dislocations placed at the <strong>in</strong>terface ofNiSiR2R/Si bicrystal.[(u1+) -(u1-)] (nm)0.200.100.00*Correspond<strong>in</strong>g author: HThozturk@ahievran.edu.trTH[1] Bouzaher A, and Bonnet, R, Phil Mag A, 66 (1992) 823.[2] Bonnet R, Phil Mag A, 73 (1996) 1193.[3] [3] Öztürk, H, Çakan N, Saraçolu H, Soylu S, Bul of Pure and App.Sci, 22D (2003) 101.[4] Bonnet R, Phil Mag A, 43 (1981)1165.[5] Bonnet R, Loubradou M and Pénission J M, Phys Rev Lett, 69(1992)104.[6] Lucas C A, and Loretto D, Appl Phys Lett, 60 (1992) 2071.[7] Mura T, Micromechanics of Defects <strong>in</strong> Solids, (Kluwer AcademicPubl., Netherlands) (1991) 178.[8] Öztürk H, Trans Indian Inst Met, 60 (2007) 577.-0.10-0.20-20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00x1 (nm)Figure 1. Relative displacement along the Ox axis for misfit1dislocations placed at the <strong>in</strong>terface of NiSiR2R/Si bicrystal.6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference, zmir, 2010 744
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