Photonic crystals in biology - NanoTR-VI

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Poster Session, Thursday, June 17Theme F686 - N1123Humidity Sensing Properties of Organic PVC-Bt6 Complex Thin FilmsSalih Okur 1 , Mavişe Şeker 1 , Nesli T. Yağmurcukardeş 1 , Gülşah Kurt 2 , Bedrettin Mercimek 3 , Mahmut Kuş 41 Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Physics Urla/Izmir/TURKEY2 Aksaray University, Department of Chemistry, Aksaray/TURKEY3 Selçuk University, Department of Chemistry Education , Selçuklu/Konya/TURKEY4 Selçuk University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuklu/Konya/TURKEYAbstract: Humidity adsorption and desorption kinetics of Benzoylthiourea derivative-PVC complexes (PVC-Bt6), modified using two-stepprocess, were measured for the first time by Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique. Reproducible experimental results, obtained atroom temperature, show that PVC-Bt6 complexes exhibit good sensitivity for humidity.Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has received great attention asit is a cheap and readily available material. It is known thatintroducing hydrophilic groups like thiol compounds intoPVC chains increases the intermolecular force and alsothis type of reaction can be performed in solution, melt orsuspension.[1-3] Benzoylthiourea derivates are sensitivedue to C=S groups.In this study we used PVC-Benzoylthiourea complex ashumidity sensor based on quartz crystal microbalancetechnique. PVC-Benzoylthiourea derivative (PVC-BT6)was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reactions ofchlorine atoms. In this structure, PVC exposed to chemicalmodification processing several steps with amine andbenzoyl isothiocyanate. In Fig.1, the schematic diagram ofPVC-BT6 molecule is shown. This compound givescomplexes in different colours with MCl2 [M=Co(II),Ni(II), Hg(II) and Pt(II)] in PH = 3–5.Dektak 150 profilometer of Veeco. Relative Humiditywere obtained commercial humidity-temperature sensor. Aclosed box partly filled with saturated salt solutionsgenerates relative humidity in the free room above the saltwith good accuracy. The value of the relative humiditydepends on the type of salt used as given in the reference[3].dF/Hz511%022%11%22%-5 43%53%43%-1053%75%-1584%84% 75%94%-2094%dF/Hz-2597% (a)-300 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Time/secdF/Hz50-5-10-15-20-2553%75%84%94%97% (b)0 200 400 600 800 1000Time/secFigure2.(a) QCM frequency shifts for different increasing anddecreasing RH values.(b) Comparison of QCM frequency shiftsfor different RH values.HNHNSCHH 2CNNHONSCH 2CHNOHFig.2 (a) shows the frequency response of PVC-Bt6 filmwhen the relative humidity increased and decreased stepby step between 11% and 97% RH for an equal timeintervals and (b) shows the comparison of frequency shiftsbetween 11% and 97% RH.30Figure1. The Schematic Diagram of PVC-Bt6 molecule.QCM with the model of CHI400A Series from CHInstruments was used to measure the change in theresonant frequency due to mass loading of water moleculesafter exposure of the crystal at different humidityenvironments e.g. at 11%, 22%, 43%, 55%, 75%, 84%,94%, 97% relative humidity (RH.Saurbey Equation is used to calculate the mass change(Δm) from the measured frequency change (Δf).22 f0mf (1)A where f 0 is resonant frequency of the QCM crystal, A isthe area of the gold disk coated onto the crystal, ρ is thedensity of the crystal and μ is the shear modulus of quartz.QCM consisted of AT-cut piezoelectric quartz crystal withresonant frequency of 8MHz, density (ρ) of 2.684g/cm3and shear modulus (μ) of 2.947x1011 g/cms2. PVC-Bt6complex was dispersed in tetrahidrofuran (THF) solventand coated on the quartz crystal by drop-casting method.The thickness of the film was measured as 450 nm with- F (Hz)2520151050upwarddownward20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Relative Humidity (%)Figure3. QCM frequency shifts for increasing and decreasing RHvalues.Fig. 3 shows how the QCM frequency changes withincreasing and decreasing RH values. There is a clearlinear dependence.Our QCM measurements results exhibit that PVC-Bt6complex based sensor is very sensitive to the humiditychanges even at room temperature.*Corresponding author: salihokur@iyte.edu.tr[1] C. Mijangos, D. Lo´pez, Macromolecules 28, 1369 (1995).[2] Reineeke H., Lo´pez D., Mijangos C. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1999;74:1178.[3] S. Okur, M. Kus, F. Özel, V. Aybek, M. Yilmaz, Talanta,81;1-2; 2010; 248.6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference, zmir, 2010 689
Poster Session, Thursday, June 17Theme F686 - N1123Routing Congestion Removing of Nano/CMOS FPGA circuitsHossein Hamidipour 1 , Parviz Keshavarzi 1 and Ali Naderi 1,*1 Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, IranAbstract CMOS Molecular (CMOL) architecture basically called hybrid nanowire/ molecular/ semiconductor circuitwhich incorporates the nanodevices and nanowires crossbar into the CMOS IC implementation. CMOL technology uses theadvantages of nano and CMOS technology together. In this paper we have proposed a recursive method for removing therouting congestion in nano/CMOS (CMOL) FPGA circuits and route them successfully where CMOLCAD tool cannot routethem without congestion. CMOL FPGA architecture, with T basic cells and a latch cell per tile, uses K basic cells (which ispredefined by user), a latch cell for logic implementation and (T-K) cells for routing issue. When the circuit encounteredcongestion, CMOLCAD tool decreases K to route the circuits. In this proposed method, we keep and rank the placementsolutions in some of the last iterations of placement algorithm, according to the cost then use them for routing the circuitswith more options. If the routing on the highest priority placement solution has failed, this solution will be removed from theranking and another placement solution will be used according to the ranking. The results of applying the proposed methodon some of benchmark circuits indicate that we can route the failed routing nano/CMOS circuits without change the structure.Silicon technology continues to advance towards the end ofMoores Law, predicted with the end of CMOS scaling only 1015years away. The theorical and experimental [1, 2] results indicate thatthe plausible alternative for current technology is hybridsemiconductor/ nanodevices circuits. This structure uses thefunctionality of programmable diodes (latching-switches) in crossbarstructure (Fig. 1.a) beside the silicon chip. The functionality of suchdevices is illustrated in Fig.1.1b. CMOS Molecular (CMOL) [3]architecture basically called hybrid nanowire/ molecular/semiconductor circuit which incorporates the nanodevices andnanowire crossbar into the CMOS IC implementation. CMOLtechnology uses the advantages of nano and CMOS technologytogether.(a)proposed method routes the circuit without congestion by predefinedK or we test all of the kept solutions. In this procedure the cellconnectivity domain (A) is constant. In fact we use routing drivenplacement for nano FPGA circuits. For testing the feasibility andefficiency of the proposed method we have selected 10 circuits(MCNC benchmark and some of other circuits) that CMOLCAD toolcannot route them without congestion by predefined values of A andK. Each circuit has been implemented by original CMOLCAD andour proposed method. In original CMOLCAD, the circuits could notbe routed successfully on final placement platform but the proposedmethod can route these failed routing circuits successfully. Theresults show that our method results in only 1.5% and 1% increase inarea and timing cost respectively for total cost of ten circuits.Total analysis shows that the additional CPU time for running ourmethod for ten circuits is 26.5 seconds while total time forCMOLCAD is 313 seconds. This means only 8.5% increase in CPUtime for running our method.In this paper we first review the nano/CMOS hybrid circuits(CMOL) and then we discuss about their design automation andcongestion. Finally we explain our method and the results.In summary the proposed method by a recursive process routes thenano/CMOS circuits which had faced congestion in CMOLCAD. Itcan be seen that by paying negligible additional costs, we route thefailed routing circuits. This method can be added to CMOLCAD andother nano circuit CADs for removing congestion and route thecircuits successfully with higher probability.(b)Figure 1: (a) Nanowire/nanodevice crossbar (b) I-V curve of a twoterminalcrosspoint nanodevice-programmable diode.Each CMOL FPGA [4, 5] cell uses a basic inverter cell (I-Cell) anda latch. CMOL CAD utilizes basic and latch cells in square shapedtiles. Each tile has a latch cell and T basic cell surrounding thelatch. CMOL FPGA uses K basic cells (predefined by user) and alatch cell for logic implementation and (T-K) cells for routing (Fig.2). When the circuit encountered congestion, CMOLCAD tooldecreases K to route the circuit. This is a drawback for CMOLCADtool that cannot route the circuit with predefined K. In the proposedmethod, we keep and rank the placement solutions in some of the lastiterations of placement algorithm according to the cost then use themfor routing the circuits with more options. If the routing on thehighest priority placement solution has failed, this solution will beremoved from ranking and another placement solution will be usedaccording to the ranking. This procedure will be continued until theFigure 2: A fragment of two-cell CMOL FPGA fabric*Corresponding author: alinaderi1998@gmail.com[1] A. DeHon and K.K. Likharev, in Proc. ICCAD (2005 ).[2] P .J. Kuekes, G.S. Snider, and R.S. Williams, Sci. American 293(2005).[3] D.B. Strukov and K.K. Likharev, in Proc. FPGA, (2006)[4] D.B. Strukov and K. K. Likharev, Nanotechnology, (2005).[5] D.B. Strukov, Ph.D. Dissertation, (2006)6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference, zmir, 2010 690
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