Photonic crystals in biology - NanoTR-VI

Poster Session, Thursday, June 17Theme F686 - N1123New Trends in Tribology and Nano- Mesoscale TribologyY. SoydanSakarya University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Turkey.Abstract—In this paper, the author presents a review of new trends in tribology among which are the micro to meso and nanoscaletransition, the development of new experimental apparatus, nanotribological applications of bioengineering, biomimetic, automotive,manufacturing, lubrication, surface engineering, magnetic storage systems materials, micro or nanoelectromechanical systems etc.Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relativemotion. Nanotribology can be defined as the investigationsof interfacial processes occurring during friction,nanoindentation, thin-film lubrication, and wear at thenanometer scale. Understanding and controlling matter at thenanoscale interests researchers in the sciences and industrybecause materials properties at the nanoscale can be verydifferent from those at a macro scale. Nanotribology today,widely uses many new instruments designed over the last 50years, such as AFM [1], the FFM [2], SFA, STM and QCMare able to perform experiments on well characterized modelsystems at the nanoscale [3]. From the technical point ofview, however, some difficulties take place if wear is spottedwith a friction force microscope. The suggested approach isbased on the combination friction force and dynamic forcemicroscopy [4]. Studies on origin of tribological features atthe atomic scale, since they highly depends on the surfaceinteractions, using sophisticated experimental andcomputational tools should be utilized in order to provide adeeper understanding of friction in nanoscale [5].Fig.2. Schematic image of skin structure with different layers [9]The tribological applications in current engine materialsare argued in scientific community. Several suggestedinterfaces are going to be considered with a brief history ofmaterials used and some explanation of future trends [11].Tribology associated with the maintenance of productionequipment is called maintenance tribology [10].Control of the structure and composition of coatings atthe nanoscale is an interesting scientific subject combinedwith an industrial challenge. In recent years, numerousexciting developments have been done in the fields oftribological and solid lubricant coatings (Fig.3). One of mostimportant development is the coating for dry and near drymachining applications. No doubt that such coatings willbecome available in the near future [12].Fig.1. Example of MEMS components after laboratory wear test [9].Additionally, MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS arealso used in electromechanical, electronics, chemical, andbiological applications. Therefore, MEMS/NEMS materialsneed to exhibit good mechanical and tribological propertieson the micro/nanoscale. Methods need to be developed toenhance adhesion between biomolecules and the devicesubstrate. Fig.1 shows a polysilicon, multiple microgearspeed reduction unit after laboratory wear tests conducted[6].Biologically inspired design or adaptation or derivationfrom nature is named as “biomimetics.” Several creaturesincluding insects, spiders, and lizards, have developed aunique clinging skill that utilizes dry adhesion [7]. On theother hand, for most people, cleaning and maintenance oftheir skin is a daily process. A systematic characterization ofthe friction and adhesion properties of skin and skin creamare also carried out on the nano- and macroscale, which isessential to develop better skin care products and advancebiological, dermatology, and cosmetic science (Fig.2) [8].Moreover, process tribology plays an important role inthe automobile manufacturing industry. It mainly concernsabout friction, lubrication and wear during the metal formingprocessing where four elements of die, work, lubricant andexternal conditions [10].Fig.3. Historical development of tribological coatings and solid lubricantfilms over the past 25 years on this subject.* Corresponding author: soydan@sakarya.edu.tr[1] Deng H, Scharf TW, Barnard JA., J Appl Phys 1997;81:5396–8.[2] Schonherr H, Vancso GJ., Macromole cules 1997;30:6391–4.[3] O.M. Braun, A.G. Naumovets, Surface Science Reports 60 (2006)[4] J. E. Schmutza at al., Wear 268 (2010)[5] C.A.Charitidis, Int. Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Mat.28 (2010)[6] B. Bhushan, Microelectronic Engineering 84 (2007).[7] B. Bhushan, Conference on Trends in Nanotribology, 2009[8] W. Tanga, B. Bhushan, Colloids and Surfaces : Biointerfaces 76 (2010)[9] A. Shai, H.Maibach, R. Baran, Handbook of Cosmetic Skin Care, 2001.[10] Y. Tsuchiya, Rev,ew of Toyota CRDL, 34, 1999.[11] E. P. Becker, Tribology International 37 (2004) .[12] C. Donneta, A. Erdemir, Surface and Coatings Technology, (2004).6th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference, zmir, 2010 745