The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

176World Agroforestry into the FutureState lawAgroforestryadoptionCustoms,gendered powerrelationsWomen’s rightsto land, treesAccess to inputsinformation, etc.Figure 1. Links to women’s rights over land and trees.HouseholdwelfareProductivity,incomeState lawCustoms,gendered powerrelationsAgroforestryadoptionAccess to inputsinformation, etc.Productivity,incomeFigure 2. Ways of influencing women’s property rights.a point of leverage to increase genderequality. We now consider each of thesein turn.Legal reformsLegal reforms have received considerableattention from women’s movements andothers advocating gender equality. Certainlychanging state law is an important meansof strengthening women’s property rights. Insome cases this involves repeal of discriminatorylaws, such as those of Lesotho andSwaziland that declare women to be legalminors, and therefore unable to hold property.Other legal mechanisms to strengthenwomen’s property rights include reformof inheritance laws or provision for jointtitling of land in the names of husband andwife that can provide women with strongerclaims on the land while their husbands areliving, and greater security in the case ofwidowhood or divorce. While much of theattention on legal reforms has focused onprivate lands, strengthening recognition ofrights over public or common lands – andin many cases, preventing privatizationof the common resources that many poorwomen depend upon – can be an equallyimportant mechanism for securing women’saccess to resources.However, legal changes do not automaticallytranslate into changes on the ground.For new property rights laws to becomeeffective, both the implementers of thelaw and the public need to be aware of
Chapter 22: Women, land and trees177the changes. Legal literacy campaigns aretherefore needed for both audiences, andwomen need to have access to administrativeand judicial channels. Access can berestricted physically, by women’s morerestricted mobility due to childcare orsafety concerns. The greater the distancepoor rural women have to travel to registera claim or fight for it in court, the lesslikely they will be to use formal channelsto claim their rights. Social distance alsomatters, for when women have less educationor social standing than those to whomthey must go to claim their rights, they areless likely to seek redress. For this reason,in Tanzania and Uganda, land managementand adjudication bodies at all levelsare required to have female representation.However, these bodies require resourcesto be effective, and governments may nothave the personnel, funds or political willto provide for them at the local level. Evenwith reforms in legislation and implementingbodies, women’s rights may not changedramatically if there is major differencebetween statutory and customary law, butstate law does provide a basis upon whichthey can appeal. Eventually, with enoughappeals to such laws, even social normsand power relations can change.Community programmesCommunity programmes offer the potentialto change gendered power relations directly.Many programmes run by governmentor non-governmental organizations (NGOs)use group-based approaches for a rangeof social development or natural resourcemanagement (NRM) goals. In many cases,the programmes introduce new discourseabout gender relations and resource rightsthat affect local customs. If women areincluded in such groups, either through allwomen’sgroups (as in many microfinanceor education programmes), or throughactive participation of women in mixedgendergroups (as in some, though not all,forestry groups), it can have an empoweringeffect on them. The interaction betweenmen and women in such groups can alsohelp to change gender-related norms andeven power relations. However, in othercases, it can cause a backlash by men towardmore ‘traditional’ practices.Collective action programmesCollective action programmes can havea direct influence on women’s propertyrights, as when women group together toacquire land and then cultivate it individuallyor collectively (Agarwal 1994; Rocheleauand Edmunds 1997; Schroeder 1993).Women’s participation in NRM groups hasa direct bearing on their property rights.Under many devolution programmes, usergroups are charged with managing resourceslike forests, irrigation, or watersheds thathad been under (nominal) state control.Although many government programmesare reluctant to give away explicit rightsover resources (preferring to focus on theresponsibilities that user groups should undertake),when user groups take over, theyBox 1. Collective action in Nepaleffectively acquire management and oftenexclusion rights over the resource. Thus,effective participation in the user groups isimportant to ensure that the resources areused in a way that meets women’s needs.Without women’s participation, for example,watershed management groups in Indiaoften close off areas for grazing or fuelwoodcollection in such a way that poorwomen lose access and bear the greatestcosts, while the benefits go to the richerlandholders (often men) downstream. Kerr(2002) found that where NGOs had givenspecial attention to social organization(especially among women and marginalizedgroups) before starting to addresswatershed management, those groups werebetter able to articulate their interests, andthe programmes were more equitable andmore sustainable. However, collective actionprogrammes can be highly complex(see Box 1).Agroforestry interventionsAgroforestry interventions have considerablepotential to influence property rightsbecause planting or clearing trees is aThe complexities involved in collective action programmes are illustrated by programmesin Nepal, which provide 40-year leases of degraded forest to groups of poor people. Thepilot project included 25 percent women members, but even when women were not themembers, both husbands and wives were involved. Gender training for all project staffand hiring women as group promoters were seen as instrumental to project success. Inaddition to significant regeneration of vegetation, the focus on developing fodder andfuelwood sources that were of particular importance to women reduced household timespent on gathering them by an average of 2.5 hours per day (Brett et al. 2004). Womenreported that they became more empowered, in part because they learned to have a sayin group decision making. However, granting more secure tenure to a subset of the poorestpeople challenged local power structures and excluded others who had customaryuse rights over that land (Baral and Thapa 2003). Without strong local organizations toenforce rules, there were conflicts that decreased tenure security.
Page 4 and 5:
CitationGarrity, D., A. Okono, M. G
Page 6 and 7:
Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
Page 8 and 9:
viWorld Agroforestry into the Futur
Page 10 and 11:
viiiWorld Agroforestry into the Fut
Page 13 and 14:
Agroforestry and the Future
Page 15 and 16:
Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
Page 19 and 20:
Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
Page 21 and 22:
Trees and Markets
Page 23 and 24:
Keywords:Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia
Page 25 and 26:
Chapter 2: Trees and markets for ag
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Keywords:Perennial tree crops, plan
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 3: The future of perennial
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47:
Page 50 and 51:
38World Agroforestry into the Futur
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
“Trees influence landscape scaled
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 65 and 66:
Keywords:Agroforestry, improved fal
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Keywords:Extension, farmer-centred
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 7: Scaling up the impact of
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Keywords:Policy, land management, a
Page 85 and 86:
Chapter 8: Policies for improved la
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 9Land and People:Working Gr
Page 93:
Chapter 9: Land and people81• sca
Page 96 and 97:
“Forest conservation is no longer
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
100World Agroforestry into the Futu
Page 115 and 116:
Keywords:Agroforestry, buffering wa
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Keywords:Agroforestry, vulnerabilit
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 13: Opportunities for linki
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133:
Page 136 and 137:
124World Agroforestry into the Futu
Page 138 and 139: 126World Agroforestry into the Futu
Page 140 and 141: “Agroforestry can and does playa
Page 147 and 148: Keywords:Educational impact, sustai
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
Page 153 and 154: Keywords:Networking, research-exten
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
Page 159 and 160: Keywords:Capacity building, agrofor
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 18: Building capacity for r
Page 167 and 168: Keywords:E-learning, agricultural e
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 19: Can e-learning support
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 20Strengthening Institution
Page 177: Chapter 20: Strengthening instituti
Page 180 and 181: 168“The biological characteristic
Page 205 and 206: Author ContactsFahmudin Agusisri@in
Page 207 and 208: Acronyms and AbbreviationsACIARAFTP
Page 210: CreditsFront cover photo: Karen Rob
Page 213: World Agroforestry into the Future
show all

The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?