190<strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry <strong>in</strong>to the Futureprovide essential nutrients means thatagr<strong>of</strong>orestry <strong>in</strong>terventions can help breakthe vicious cycle <strong>of</strong> impoverishment–malnutrition–<strong>AIDS</strong>. Medic<strong>in</strong>al plants andtrees frequently provide the only source <strong>of</strong>symptomatic relief available to the poor.<strong>The</strong> specific needs <strong>of</strong> a new clientele createdby the epidemic, with high dependencyratio households and unique compositions,must be taken <strong>in</strong>to account when design<strong>in</strong>gagr<strong>of</strong>orestry <strong>in</strong>terventions. Efforts shouldbe made to ensure that basic agriculturalskills are passed on to the younger generation,and that local knowledge, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gbiodiversity and gender-specific skills, arepreserved. If a strategy can be developedthat can respond effectively to these needs,a significant contribution will be madeto prevent<strong>in</strong>g and mitigat<strong>in</strong>g the consequences<strong>of</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> with<strong>in</strong> agr<strong>of</strong>orestrycommunities.AcknowledgementsWe wish to acknowledge many contributionsfrom colleagues at FAO and the<strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Centre who have supportedour <strong>in</strong>dividual and jo<strong>in</strong>t effortsto address the l<strong>in</strong>ks between <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>,forestry and agr<strong>of</strong>orestry. At FAO, wethank Tage Michaelsen for his belief <strong>in</strong>,and his strong support <strong>of</strong>, our endeavours.<strong>The</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ued support <strong>of</strong> El Hadji Sene,Manuel Paveri and Hosny El Lakany, ForestryDepartment, FAO and other colleagues<strong>in</strong> Rome, Harare and Accra should also beacknowledged. At the <strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestryCentre, we thank Paul Thangata, AggreyAgumya and Joyce Mitti for their contributions,and Olu Ajayi for the labour data.We appreciate the many helpful commentsprovided by Scott Drimie.ReferencesAjayi, O. 2003. Labour and f<strong>in</strong>ancial analysis<strong>of</strong> agr<strong>of</strong>orestry and conventional maizeproduction systems. Paper presented tothe Department <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics,Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, University <strong>of</strong>Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.Ayaji, O.C., S. Franzel, E. Kunashula and F.Kwesiga 2003. Adoption <strong>of</strong> improvedfallow technology for soil fertility management<strong>in</strong> Zambia: empirical studies andemerg<strong>in</strong>g issues. Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Systems59: 317–326.Barany, M., D. Kayambaz<strong>in</strong>thu, A. Sitoe andC. Hold<strong>in</strong>g Anyonge 2005. <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>and the miombo woodlands <strong>of</strong> Mozambiqueand Malawi: an exploratory study.Synthesis report. Forestry Work<strong>in</strong>g Paper,Food and Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> theUnited Nations, Rome, Italy.Baryoh, A. 2000. Socio-economic impact <strong>of</strong><strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> on women and children <strong>in</strong>Ethiopia. United Nations DevelopmentProgramme: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Unpublished.Boukari, I., N.W. Shier, X.E. Fernandez, R.J.Frisch, B.A. Watk<strong>in</strong>s, L. Pawloski and A.D.Fly 2001. Calcium analysis <strong>of</strong> selectedwestern African foods. Journal <strong>of</strong> FoodComposition and Analysis 14(1): 37–42.Cavendish, W. 2000. Empirical regularities<strong>in</strong> the poverty–environment relationship<strong>of</strong> rural households: evidence fromZimbabwe. <strong>World</strong> Development 28(11):1979–2003.Demeke, M. 1993. <strong>The</strong> potential impact <strong>of</strong><strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> on the rural sector <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia.Unpublished manuscript, Addis AbabaUniversity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Dery, B.B., R. Otsy<strong>in</strong>a and C. Ng’atigwa 1999.Indigenous knowledge <strong>of</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>al treesand sett<strong>in</strong>g priorities for their domestication<strong>in</strong> Sh<strong>in</strong>yanga Region, Tanzania. <strong>World</strong>Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.Drimie, S. 2002. <strong>The</strong> Impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> onLand: Case studies from Kenya, Lesothoand South Africa. Synthesis report preparedfor the Food and Agriculture <strong>of</strong> theUnited Nations Southern African RegionalOffice. Human Sciences Research Council,Pretoria, South Africa.FAO 2002. Liv<strong>in</strong>g well with <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>. A manualon nutritional care and support forpeople liv<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>. Food andAgricultural Organization <strong>of</strong> the UnitedNations, Rome, Italy.FAO 2004a. <strong>AIDS</strong>: a threat to rural Africa. Foodand Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the UnitedNations. http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/aids/aids1-e.htmFAO 2004b. <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> and food security. Foodand Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> theUnited Nations. http://www.fao.org/hivaids/impacts/nutrition_en.htmFAO/UN<strong>AIDS</strong> 2003. Address<strong>in</strong>g the impact <strong>of</strong><strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> on m<strong>in</strong>istries <strong>of</strong> agriculture:Focus on eastern and southern Africa.Food and Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> theUnited Nations, Rome, Italy.Franzel, S., D. Phiri and F.R. Kwesiga 2002.Assess<strong>in</strong>g the adoption potential <strong>of</strong> improvedtree fallows <strong>in</strong> eastern Zambia. In:Franzel, S. and S.J. Scherr (eds) Trees onthe Farm: Assess<strong>in</strong>g the Adoption Potential<strong>of</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Practices <strong>in</strong> Africa. CABInternational, Wall<strong>in</strong>gford, UK.Kayambaz<strong>in</strong>thu, D, M. Barany, R. Mumba andC. Hold<strong>in</strong>g Anyonge 2005. Miombowoodlands and <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> <strong>in</strong>teractions:Malawi country report. Forestry Work<strong>in</strong>gPaper, Food and Agriculture Organization<strong>of</strong> the United Nations, Rome, Italy.Kolberg, S. and C. Hold<strong>in</strong>g Anyonge 2002. Jo<strong>in</strong>t agricultureand forestry sector mission report toMalawi. Food and Agriculture Organization<strong>of</strong> the United Nations, Rome, Italy.Leakey, R.R.B. 1996. Def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestryrevisited. Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Today 8(1): 5–7.
Chapter 23: <strong>The</strong> <strong>challenge</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>191McBurney, R.P.H., C. Griff<strong>in</strong>, A.A. Paul andD.C. Greenberg 2004. <strong>The</strong> nutritionalcomposition <strong>of</strong> African wild food plants:from compilation to utilization. Journal <strong>of</strong>Food Composition and Analysis 17 (3–4):277–289.Mithoefer, D. and H. Waibel 2003. Income andlabour productivity <strong>of</strong> collection and use<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>digenous tree products <strong>in</strong> Zimbabwe.Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Systems 59: 295–305.Mithoefer, D., J. Wesseler and H. Waibel 2004.Private <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong> biodiversity conservation:a real option approach. Paper presentedat the 8th International Conferenceon Real Options: <strong>The</strong>ory Meets Practice,June 17–19, Montreal, Canada. http://www.realoptions.org/papers2004/WesselerMithoeferWaibel.pdfMushati, P., S. Gregson, M. Mlilo, C. Zvidzaiand C. Nyamukapa 2003. Adult mortalityand erosion <strong>of</strong> household viability <strong>in</strong><strong>AIDS</strong>-afflicted towns, estates and villages<strong>in</strong> eastern Zimbabwe. Paper presentedat the Scientific Meet<strong>in</strong>g on EmpiricalEvidence for the Demographic and Socio-Economic Impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>AIDS</strong>. 26–28 March,Durban, South Africa.Ngwira, N., S. Bota and M. Loev<strong>in</strong>sohn 2001.<strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>, agriculture and food security <strong>in</strong>Malawi: Background to action. RENEWALWork<strong>in</strong>g Paper 1. Regional Network on<strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>, Rural Livelihoods and FoodSecurity: Lilongwe, Malawi and <strong>The</strong>Hague, the Netherlands.Nordeide, M.B., A. Hatloy, M. Foll<strong>in</strong>g, E. Liedand A. Oshaug 1996. Nutrient compositionand nutritional importance <strong>of</strong> greenleaves and wild food resources <strong>in</strong> anagricultural district, Koutiala, <strong>in</strong> southernMali. International Journal <strong>of</strong> FoodScience and Nutrition 47(6): 455–468.Ramadhani, T., R. Otsy<strong>in</strong>a and S. Franzel 2002.Improv<strong>in</strong>g household <strong>in</strong>comes and reduc<strong>in</strong>gdeforestation us<strong>in</strong>g rotational woodlots<strong>in</strong> Tabora, Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment 89/3: 227–237.Rommelse, R. 2001. Economic assessment <strong>of</strong>biomass transfer and improved fallows trials<strong>in</strong> western Kenya. <strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestryCentre Work<strong>in</strong>g Paper 2001–3. <strong>World</strong>Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.SAF 2004. Substances found <strong>in</strong> two trees may<strong>of</strong>fer potential <strong>AIDS</strong> treatment. Society <strong>of</strong>American Foresters. http://www.safnet.org/archive/aids301.htm (also published <strong>in</strong><strong>The</strong> Forestry Source March 2001).Shackleton, C.M., S.E. Shackleton and B. Cous<strong>in</strong>s2001. <strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> land-based strategies<strong>in</strong> rural livelihoods: the contribution <strong>of</strong>arable production, animal husbandry andnatural resource harvest<strong>in</strong>g. DevelopmentSouthern Africa 18: 581–604.Sitoe, A. 2004 Miombo woodlands and <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> <strong>in</strong>teractions: Mozambique countryreport. Forestry Work<strong>in</strong>g Paper. Food andAgriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the UnitedNations, Rome, Italy.Stillwagon, E. 2002. <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> <strong>in</strong> Africa: fertileterra<strong>in</strong>. Journal <strong>of</strong> Development Studies38(6): 1–22.Tibaijuka, A.K. 1997. <strong>AIDS</strong> and economicwelfare <strong>in</strong> peasant agriculture: Casestudies from Kagabiro village, Kageraregion, Tanzania. <strong>World</strong> Development25(6): 963–75.Topouzis, D. 2001. Strategy Paper on <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong>,eastern and southern Africa. InternationalFund for Agricultural Development, Easternand Southern Africa Division ProgrammeManagement Department, Rome, Italy.Villarreal, M. 2003. <strong>HIV</strong>/<strong>AIDS</strong> impacts and responses:Context and opportunity. Foodand Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the UnitedNations, Rome, Italy.Yamano, T. and T.S. Jayne 2004. Measur<strong>in</strong>g theimpacts <strong>of</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g-age adult mortalityon small-scale farm households <strong>in</strong> Kenya.<strong>World</strong> Development 32(1): 91–119.
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CitationGarrity, D., A. Okono, M. G
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Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
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viiiWorld Agroforestry into the Fut
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Agroforestry and the Future
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Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Trees and Markets
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Keywords:Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia
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Chapter 2: Trees and markets for ag
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Keywords:Perennial tree crops, plan
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
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Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
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Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
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Chapter 9Land and People:Working Gr
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Chapter 9: Land and people81• sca
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Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
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