The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

Chapter 10: Agroforestry and environmental governance87Table 1.Characterization of the links between five components of environmental governance and agroforestry.Relation to farmer incentiveto deliberately manage treesLocation of policy makingrelative to farmerTrends in policy and governancecontextProperty rights to landand treesFarmer assurance of future benefitsfrom current investments; farmerincentive to obtain tree productson own farm or elsewhere in thelandscapeLocal norms; decentralized governmentagencies; national policiesGradual individualization; decentralizedstate agencies generally becomingmore importantForest classificationand governanceFarmer incentive to obtain treeproducts from forest areas; farmerincentive to manage and protectnearby forestsDecentralized forest agencies;national forest agenciesDecentralization of state agencies;some movement away from commandand control approachBuffer zone and landscapeapproachesto conservationIncentives/disincentives to managetrees near protected areas; typesof trees allowed and encouraged indifferent parts of the landscapeDecentralized conservation/forestagencies; national forest agencies;international conservation pressuresMixed success with integratedconservation and developmentprojects; landscape approachesstill largely experimentalEnvironmental servicemechanismsMost environmental service mechanismsinvolve tree and vegetationmanagement by individual farmers,groups and/or local governmentsRegional dialogue for watershedservices; national policies and internationalmechanisms for biodiversityand carbonBecoming part of government approachesin many countries in LatinAmerica; small experiments in otherregionsGlobal environmentalgovernanceUNFCCC 1 , UNCBD 2 , UNCCD 3 andGEF 4 all have significant forestrycomponents, with inadequate provisionfor smallholder agroforestry; nospecific forestry convention sincethe Rio conference in 1992National ratification and domesticationof global agreements and fundingopportunitiesUNFCCC has progressed furthestin explicitly considering potential ofagroforestry and smallholdersSource: Authors’ summary from this chapter and literature review.1United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change2United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity3United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification4Global Environment Facilityand collective action, and a variety of quantitativeand qualitative research tools. Muchof this research has been conducted in associationwith the Collective Action andProperty Rights Initiative of the ConsultativeGroup on International Agricultural Research(CGIAR) (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2002).In the 1980s and early 1990s, much of theevidence on the links between agroforestryand property rights in Africa emerged fromjoint efforts by ICRAF and the Land TenureCentre at the University of Wisconsin–Madison(Bruce 1989; Fortmann 1985; Fortmannand Bruce 1988; Place 1995 and Raintree1987). Bruce (1989) summarizes the resultsof these studies by noting that agroforestryprojects may be associated with severalproblems of land and tree tenure. Firstly, aproject may disturb or destroy rights to otherimportant uses of the land or trees. Secondly,customary tenure systems that providemultiple uses of land and tree resourcesmay make it difficult for individual farmersto protect tree seedlings. Thirdly, some categoriesof intended clients may be unable toparticipate in a project because they do nothave the right to plant or own trees. This includeslandless people and women in somesocieties. Fourthly, farmers may undertaketree planting as much to establish rights toland as for the direct products of the trees.In the mid-1990s, ICRAF, the InternationalFood Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) andTokyo Metropolitan University engaged