68<strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry <strong>in</strong>to the FutureImproved fallows <strong>in</strong> Zambia is an <strong>in</strong>termediatecase, <strong>in</strong> which a more complex managementpractice relevant to several enterprisesis be<strong>in</strong>g scaled up. Facilitators are us<strong>in</strong>g severalstrategies <strong>in</strong> addition to those used byfodder shrub facilitators, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g engag<strong>in</strong>glocal government <strong>in</strong> a facilitative role, lobby<strong>in</strong>gfor policy changes, and promot<strong>in</strong>ga network <strong>of</strong> partners. <strong>The</strong>se have greatlyadded to the success <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>novation andto its spread across eastern Zambia.<strong>The</strong> case <strong>of</strong> NVS/Landcare <strong>in</strong> the Philipp<strong>in</strong>espresents the most extensive set <strong>of</strong><strong>in</strong>novations, a technical one accompaniedby an <strong>in</strong>stitutional one. <strong>The</strong> technical <strong>in</strong>novationis simple, yet serves as a platformfor a multiplicity <strong>of</strong> other technical <strong>in</strong>novationsand, <strong>in</strong>deed, a transformation <strong>of</strong> thefarm<strong>in</strong>g system. <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>in</strong>novation,Landcare, has had far-reach<strong>in</strong>g ramifications,as federations <strong>of</strong> farmer groups canwield not only <strong>in</strong>creased economic powerbut political power as well. In addition tothe strategies used by those promot<strong>in</strong>g foddershrubs and improved fallows, facilitators<strong>in</strong> the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es have obta<strong>in</strong>ed localgovernment f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g and have facilitatedthe establishment <strong>of</strong> federations <strong>of</strong> groups.Moreover, they have persuaded policymakers to <strong>in</strong>corporate the Landcare approach<strong>in</strong>to local and national policy.But as different as the case studies are, theyface five similar <strong>challenge</strong>s:• Articulation <strong>of</strong> a clear exit strategy, toleave farmers on their own to cont<strong>in</strong>ueto implement and dissem<strong>in</strong>ate the <strong>in</strong>novations,with limited local backstopp<strong>in</strong>g.• Ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the bottom-up, participatorynature <strong>of</strong> the scal<strong>in</strong>g up process,which contrasts with the top-downapproaches <strong>of</strong> many government servicesand NGOs.• Adapt<strong>in</strong>g the scal<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>in</strong>novations andprocesses from one site or country foruse at another site or country.• Decid<strong>in</strong>g under what circumstancesfacilitators should seek to scale up technologies,and under what circumstancesto scale up the process by which adoptionand adaptation have taken place.In other words, is a scal<strong>in</strong>g up strategyapplicable only for a particular technology,or can it be used for several <strong>in</strong>novations,for any type <strong>of</strong> agricultural <strong>in</strong>novationor for agriculture <strong>in</strong> general?• Mak<strong>in</strong>g sure that the bene<strong>fit</strong>s <strong>of</strong> scal<strong>in</strong>g upout-weigh the costs. This <strong>in</strong>cludes promot<strong>in</strong>gor formaliz<strong>in</strong>g farmer-to-farmer <strong>in</strong>formationsystems, and encourag<strong>in</strong>g farmerorganizations such as Landcare to take onsome <strong>of</strong> the functions <strong>of</strong> these systemsAll <strong>of</strong> the above issues are at least to someextent researchable. For example, carefulassessments <strong>of</strong> the costs and bene<strong>fit</strong>s, andadvantages and disadvantages <strong>of</strong> differentstrategies can be made. Simple plannedcomparisons <strong>of</strong> different scal<strong>in</strong>g up mechanismscan be undertaken. Just as learn<strong>in</strong>gand knowledge shar<strong>in</strong>g are critical functions<strong>in</strong> the scal<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>novations, theyare critical for identify<strong>in</strong>g effective andefficient scal<strong>in</strong>g up strategies. Investment<strong>in</strong> understand<strong>in</strong>g scal<strong>in</strong>g up processeswill reap important rewards lead<strong>in</strong>g to improvedlivelihoods <strong>of</strong> beneficiaries.Acknowledgements<strong>The</strong> comments and suggestions <strong>of</strong> ChrisGarforth and Robert Tripp on earlier draftsare gratefully acknowledged.ReferencesAjayi, O.C., R. Katanga, E. Kuntashula and E.T.Ayuk 2002. Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> local policies<strong>in</strong> enhanc<strong>in</strong>g adoption <strong>of</strong> agr<strong>of</strong>orestry technologies:<strong>The</strong> case <strong>of</strong> by-laws on graz<strong>in</strong>gand fire <strong>in</strong> eastern Zambia. Pp. 93–99 <strong>in</strong>:Kwesiga, F., E. Ayuk, and A. Agumya (eds)Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> the 14 th Southern AfricaRegional Review and Plann<strong>in</strong>g Workshop,3–7 September 2001, Harare. 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Ruvuga andD. Russell 2003. Scal<strong>in</strong>g out agr<strong>of</strong>orestrythrough partnerships and network<strong>in</strong>g: <strong>The</strong>experience <strong>of</strong> the <strong>World</strong> Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Centre<strong>in</strong> southern Africa. Southern Africa Agr<strong>of</strong>orestryDevelopment Series No. 2. <strong>World</strong>Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Centre, Zomba, Malawi.Katanga, R., D. Phiri, A. Böhr<strong>in</strong>ger and P. Mafongoya2002. <strong>The</strong> adaptive research anddissem<strong>in</strong>ation network for agr<strong>of</strong>orestry:A synthesis <strong>of</strong> the adaptive workshops.Pp 93–99 <strong>in</strong>: Kwesiga, F., E. Ayuk andA. Agumya (eds) Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> the 14 thSouthern Africa Regional Review andPlann<strong>in</strong>g Workshop, 3–7 September2001, Harare. 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Marcel<strong>in</strong>o and D.P. Garrity2001. <strong>The</strong> Landcare experience <strong>in</strong> thePhilipp<strong>in</strong>es: Technical and <strong>in</strong>stitutional<strong>in</strong>novations for conservation farm<strong>in</strong>g. Development<strong>in</strong> Practice 11 (4): 495–508.Nanok, T. 2003 Assessment <strong>of</strong> the adoption anddissem<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> improved fallows andbiomass transfer technologies <strong>in</strong> westernKenya. MSc. thesis. Department <strong>of</strong> Agri-
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CitationGarrity, D., A. Okono, M. G
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Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
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viiiWorld Agroforestry into the Fut
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Agroforestry and the Future
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Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Trees and Markets
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Chapter 20Strengthening Institution
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Author ContactsFahmudin Agusisri@in
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsACIARAFTP
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CreditsFront cover photo: Karen Rob
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