The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

62World Agroforestry into the Futureto agroforestry and natural resources managementinnovations, because they arerelatively ‘knowledge intensive’ and, unlikeGreen Revolution technologies, may notspread easily on their own. Drawing on arange of expertise, Cooper and Denning(2000) identified 10 essential elementsfor scaling up agroforestry innovations:farmer-centred research and extension approaches,technology options, buildinglocal capacity, germplasm, market options,policy options, knowledge and informationsharing, learning from successes and failures,strategic partnerships, and facilitation(Figure 1).The objective of this chapter is to assessrecent lessons learned in scaling upagroforestry benefits, drawing on threeStrategicpartnershipsLearning fromsuccess andfailurescase studies in Kenya, Zambia, and thePhilippines. Two of these, from Kenya andthe Philippines, were reported in Franzelet al. (2001a), but this chapter will showimportant developments since then. Firstly,concepts and definitions of scaling up arereviewed. Secondly, the case studies arepresented, followed by a discussion oftheir use of the 10 fundamental elements.Finally, conclusions are drawn andresearch challenges are discussed.Scaling up: Definitions andconceptsThere is a proliferation of terms to describescaling up (Gündel et al. 2001; Uvinand Miller 1996). For instance, Uvin andMiller’s typology involves 17 differentAvailablegermplasmskinds of scaling up, focusing variously onstructure, when a programme expandsits size; strategy or degree of politicalinvolvement; and resource base, referringto organizational strength.In this chapter we follow Gündel et al.(2001), who adopt the IIRR (2000) definitionof scaling up, which notes that the‘scaled-up state’ can either occur spontaneouslyor because of the deliberate, plannedefforts of governments, non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) or other changeagents. Much can be learned from studyinghow spontaneous dissemination ofinnovations takes place, and in particularthe role of farmer-to-farmer dissemination.Scaling up is a communication process,and change agents have to understand howfarmers receive, analyse, and disseminateinformation in order to facilitate it. There isemerging literature on agricultural knowledgeand information systems, exploringhow those involved in the creation of agriculturalknowledge acquire, transmit andexchange information (Garforth 2001).MarketoptionsTechnologyoptionsCase studies from Kenya,Zambia, and the PhilippinesPolicyoptionsFacilitationFigure 1. Essential elements for scaling up agroforestry innovations.Source: Cooper and Denning (2000).SCALING UPAGROFORESTRYINNOVATIONSLocalinstitutionalcapacityKnowledge/informationsharingFarmer-centredresearch andextensionapproaches1. Fodder shrubs, KenyaThe low quality and quantity of feedresources is a major constraint to dairyfarming in central Kenya. Most farmersalso grow Napier grass as fodder, but it isinsufficient in protein and the daily yieldof cows fed on it is only around 8 litres.Commercial dairy meal is available butfarmers consider it expensive and mostdo not use it (Franzel et al. 2003).Development of the innovationIn the early 1990s, researchers (from theKenya Agricultural Research Institute –KARI, the Kenya Forestry Research Institute