The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

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58World Agroforestry into the FutureCumulative maize grain yield (t ha —1 )252015105baaaa0No P MPR MPR TSP TSP0 50 x 5 250 x 1 50 x 5 250 x 1P source and rateFigure 3. Cumulative maize yields over 5 years (five crops, ‘long rains’ cropping season only) in western Kenya. Nitrogen (N) andpotassium (K) were supplied. Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) or triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizer were added, either once at 250 kgP ha –1 , or at a rate of 50 kg ha –1 each year for 5 years. There was also a control plot with no added P.Source: Sanchez and Jama (2002).Conclusion and way forwardImproved fallows of leguminous speciesand biomass transfer are both promisingagroforestry techniques that can contributeto integrated soil fertility managementpractices in smallholder farms. They canalso provide other benefits such as controlof pests and diseases, and in the case ofimprove fallows, provide fuelwood that isin short supply in many rural settings. Toenhance the impact of these technologies,there are a few remaining challenges thatneed to be addressed. These include:1. Determining the recommendation domains(geographic areas and householdtypes where the technologies are feasibleand profitable), something that is necessarygiven the large biophysical and socioeconomicvariability that exists within andbetween farms. 2. Developing strategies tomake fertilizers affordable, especially thosecontaining P that organic produce cannotsupply adequately. 3. Promoting widelysynergistic technologies such as biologicalsoil and water conservation measures.4. Promoting the keeping of livestock toproduce manure, and developing bestmanagement practices for its use. 5. Developingstrategies for wide-scale disseminationof the options available, particularlythose that deal with overcoming the prevailingconstraints of germplasm supplyand information on their use. 6. Assessingecological benefits of fallow plant specieswhile mitigating potential problems ofthem becoming invasive weeds. 7. Determiningways in which high-value trees,crops and livestock can be more intensivelyfarmed, providing a natural progressionout of poverty.ReferencesBarrios, E., F. Kwesiga, R.J. Buresh, and J.I.Sprent 1997. Light fraction soil organicmatter and available nitrogen followingtrees and maize. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 61: 826−831.Barrios, E., F. Kwesiga, R.J. Buresh, J.I. Sprentand R. Coe 1998. Relating preseason soilnitrogen to maize yield in tree legumemaizerotations. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 62: 1604–1609.Buresh, R.J., P.C. Smithson and D.T. Hellums1997. Building soil capital in Africa. Pp.111–149 in: Replenishing Soil Fertility inAfrica. American Society of Agronomyand Soil Science Society of America. SSSASpecial Publication No. 51.Buresh, R.J. and G. Tian 1997. Soil improvementby trees in sub-Saharan Africa. AgroforestrySystems 38: 51–76.
Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations for soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa59Desaeger, J. and M.R. Rao 2000. Parasitic nematodepopulations in natural fallows andimproved cover crops and their effects onsubsequent crops in Kenya. Field CropsResearch 65: 41–56.Drechsel, P. and L.A. Gyiele 1999. The EconomicAssessment of Soil Nutrient Depletion:Analytical Issues for FrameworkDevelopment. International Board for SoilResearch and Management (IBSRAM),Bangkok, Thailand.Franzel, S. 1999. Socioeconomic factors affectingthe adoption of potential improved tree fallows.Agroforestry Systems 47: 305–321.Gachengo, C.K. 1996. Phosphorus release andavailability on addition of organic materialsto phosphorus fixing soils. MSc thesis,Forestry Department, Moi University, Eldoret,Kenya.Gacheru, E. and M.R. Rao 2001. Managingstriga infestation in maize using organicand inorganic nutrient sources in westernKenya. International Journal of Pest Management47: 233–239.Gathumbi, S. 2000. Nitrogen sourcing by fastgrowinglegumes in pure and mixed speciesfallows in western Kenya. PhD Thesis,Wye College, Department of BiologicalSciences, University of London, UK.Hartemink, A.E., R.J. Buresh, B. Jama and B.H.Janssen 1996. Soil nitrate and waterdynamics in sesbania fallows, weed fallowsand maize. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 6: 568−574.ICRAF 1997. Annual report 1996. InternationalCentre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi,Kenya.Jama, B.A., R.J. Buresh, J.K. Ndufa and K.D.Shepherd 1998a. Vertical distribution ofroots and soil nitrate: Tree species andphosphorus effects. Soil Science Societyof America Journal 62: 280−286.Jama, B.A., R.J. Buresh and F.M. Place 1998b.Sesbania tree fallows on phosphorus-deficient sites: Maize yield and financialbenefit. Agronomy Journal 90: 717–726Jama, B.A., R.A. Swinkels and R.J. Buresh 1997.Agronomic and economic evaluation oforganic and inorganic sources of phosphorusin western Kenya. Agronomy Journal89: 597−604.Jama, B.A., C.A. Palm, R.J. Buresh, A.I. Niang, C.Gachengo, G. Nziguheba and B. Amadalo2000. Tithonia diversifolia as a green manurefor soil fertility improvement in westernKenya: A review. Agroforestry Systems49: 201–221.Kihanda, F.M. and M. Gichuru 1999. ManureManagement for Soil Fertility Improvement.Tropical Soil Biology and FertilityInstitute, Nairobi, Kenya.Kuntashula, E., P.L. Mafongoya, G. Sileshi and S.Lungu 2004. Potential of biomass transferin sustaining vegetable production in thedambos of eastern Zambia. ExperimentalAgriculture 40: 37–51.Kwesiga, F. and R. Coe 1994. The effect of shortrotation Sesbania sesban fallows on maizeyield. Forest Ecology and Management64: 199–208.Kwesiga, F., F.K. Akinnifesi, P.L. Mafongoya,M.H. McDermott and A. Agumya 2003.Africa research and development in thesouthern Africa region during the 1990s:Review and challenges ahead. AgroforestrySystems 59: 173–186.Mekonnen, K., R.J. Buresh and B.A. Jama 1997.Root and inorganic nitrogen distributionsin sesbania fallow, natural fallowand maize fields. Plant and Soil 188:319–327.Niang, A., S. Gathumbi and B. Amadalo 1996a.The potential of short-duration improvedfallow for crop productivity enhancementin the highlands of western Kenya. Pp.218–230 in: J.O. Mugah (ed) People andInstitutional Participation in Agroforestryfor Sustainable Development. Proceedingsof the First Kenya Agroforestry Conference.Kenya Forestry Research Institute,Nairobi, Kenya.Niang, A., S. Gathumbi, B. Amadalo and C.Obonyo 1996b. Maize yield response togreen manure application from selectedshrubs and tree species in western Kenya:A preliminary assessment. Pp. 350–358 in:J.O. Mugah (ed) People and InstitutionalParticipation in Agroforestry for SustainableDevelopment. Proceedings of the First KenyaAgroforestry Conference. Kenya ForestryResearch Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.Nye P.H. and D.J. Greenland 1960. The soil undershifting cultivation. Technical CommunicationNo. 51. Commonwealth Bureauof Soils, Harpenden, UK.Nziguheba, G., C.A. Palm, R.J. Buresh and P.C.Smithson 1998. Soil phosphorus fractionsand adsorption as affected by organic andinorganic sources. Plant and Soil 198:159–168.Palm, C.A. 1995. Contribution of agroforestrytrees to nutrient requirements of plants.Agroforestry Systems 30: 105–124.Place, F. S. Franzel, J. de Wolf, R. Rommelse,F.R. Kwesiga, A.I. Niang and B.A. Jama2000. Agroforestry for soil fertilityreplenishment: Evidence on adoptionprocesses in Kenya and Zambia. Paperpresented at workshop: UnderstandingAdoption Processes for Natural ResourceManagement Practices in sub-SaharanAfrica, 3–5 July 2000, at the World AgroforestryCentre, Nairobi, Kenya.Rao, M.R., A. Niang, A. Kwesiga, B. Duguma,S. Franzel, B. Jama and R.J. Buresh 1998.Soil fertility replenishment in sub-SaharanAfrica: New techniques and the spreadof their use on farms. Agroforestry Today10(2): 3−8.Sanchez, P.A. 1995. Science in agroforestry.Agroforestry Systems 30: 5–55.
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CitationGarrity, D., A. Okono, M. G
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Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
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viWorld Agroforestry into the Futur
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viiiWorld Agroforestry into the Fut
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Agroforestry and the Future
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Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Page 21 and 22: Trees and Markets
Page 23 and 24: Keywords:Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2: Trees and markets for ag
Page 35 and 36: Keywords:Perennial tree crops, plan
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3: The future of perennial
Page 47: Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Page 54 and 55: “Trees influence landscape scaled
Page 65 and 66: Keywords:Agroforestry, improved fal
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
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Page 73 and 74: Keywords:Extension, farmer-centred
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 7: Scaling up the impact of
Page 83 and 84: Keywords:Policy, land management, a
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Page 91 and 92: Chapter 9Land and People:Working Gr
Page 93: Chapter 9: Land and people81• sca
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Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
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Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
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Keywords:Agroforestry, vulnerabilit
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Chapter 13: Opportunities for linki
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124World Agroforestry into the Futu
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“Agroforestry can and does playa
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Keywords:Educational impact, sustai
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Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
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Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
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Keywords:Networking, research-exten
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Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
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Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
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Keywords:Capacity building, agrofor
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Chapter 18: Building capacity for r
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Keywords:E-learning, agricultural e
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Chapter 19: Can e-learning support
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Chapter 20Strengthening Institution
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Chapter 20: Strengthening instituti
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168“The biological characteristic
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Author ContactsFahmudin Agusisri@in
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsACIARAFTP
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CreditsFront cover photo: Karen Rob
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World Agroforestry into the Future
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