The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

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60World Agroforestry into the FutureSanchez, P.A., K.D. Shepherd, M.J. Soule, F.M.Place, R.J. Buresh, A.-M. Izac, A.U. Mokwunye,F.R. Kwesiga, C.G. Ndiritu andP.L. Woomer 1997. Soil fertility replenishmentin Africa: An investment in naturalresource capital. Pp. 1–46 in: Buresh, R.J.,P.A. Sanchez and F. Calhoun (eds) ReplenishingSoil Fertility in Africa. SSSA SpecialPublication No. 51, Soil Science Societyof America, Madison, WI, USA.Sanchez, P.A. and B.A. Jama 2002. Soil fertilityreplenishment takes off in East and SouthernAfrica. Pp. 23–45 in: Vanlauwe, B., J.Diels, N. Sanginga and R. Merckx (eds)Integrated Plant Nutrient Management inSub-Saharan Africa. CAB International,Wallingford, UK.Scoones, I. and C. Toulmin 1999. Soil nutrientbudgets and balances: What use forpolicy? Managing African Soils No. 6.IIED Drylands Programme, InternationalInstitute for Environment and Development,Edinburgh, UK.Shepherd K.D. and M. J. Soule 1998. Soil fertilitymanagement in west Kenya: dynamicsimulation of productivity, profitabilityand sustainability at different resourceendowment levels. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment 71: 131–145.Smaling, E.M.A. 1993. An agroecological frameworkfor integrated nutrient managementwith special reference to Kenya. PhD thesis,Agricultural University, Wageningen,the Netherlands.Stroorvogel, J.J., E.M.A. Smaling and B.H.Janssen 1993. Calculating soil nutrientbalances in Africa. I. Supranational scale.Fertilizer Research 35: 227–235.Swinkels, R.A., S. Franzel, K.D. Shepherd, E.Ohlsson and J.K. Ndufa 1997. The economicsof short rotation improved fallows:Evidence from areas of high populationdensity in western Kenya. AgriculturalSystems 55: 99–121.van Straaten, P. 2000. Rocks for crops: Agromineralsfor sub-Saharan Africa. WorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi,Kenya.
Keywords:Extension, farmer-centred research, fodder shrubs,landcare, natural vegetative strips, tree fallowsChapter 7Scaling up the impact of agroforestry:Lessons from three sites in Africa and Asia 1S. Franzel, G.L. Denning, J-P. Lillesø-Barnekow, World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya and A.R. Mercado Jr, WorldAgroforestry Centre, the PhilippinesAbstractThis chapter assesses recent lessons learned from attempts to scale up agroforestry improvements,drawing on three case studies: fodder shrubs in Kenya, improved tree fallows in Zambia and naturalvegetative strips coupled with the Landcare movement in the Philippines. Currently, more than 15 000farmers use each of these innovations. Based on an examination of the main factors facilitating theirspread, 10 key elements of scaling up are presented. These include: taking a farmer-centred researchand extension approach; providing a range of technical options; building local institutional capacity;sharing knowledge and information; learning from successes and failures; and strategic partnershipsand facilitation. Three other elements are important for scaling up: marketing, germplasm productionand distribution systems, and policy options, although the three case study projects had only a marginalreliance on these. As different as the strategies for scaling up are, they face similar challenges. Facilitatorsneed to develop exit strategies, find ways to maintain bottom-up approaches as innovations spread,assess whether and how successful strategies can be adapted to different sites and countries, examineunder which circumstances they should scale up innovations and under which circumstances theyshould scale up processes, and determine how the costs of scaling up may be reduced.IntroductionDuring the past two decades, researchers have workedwith farmers throughout the tropics to identify anddevelop improved agroforestry practices that buildon local indigenous knowledge and offer substantialbenefits to households and the environment (Cooper etal. 1996; Franzel and Scherr 2002; Place et al. 2002;Sanchez 1995). Research and development projectshave demonstrated in many instances that agroforestryincreases household incomes, generates environmentalbenefits, and is particularly well suited to poor andfemale farmers. But in most cases these success storieshave been confined to localized sites, often with unusuallyconcentrated institutional support from researchand development organizations.As a consequence, considerable attention has beendevoted in recent years to ‘scaling up’ the benefits ofresearch, that is, ‘bringing more quality benefits tomore people over a wider geographical area, morequickly, more equitably, and more lastingly’ (IIRR2000). The issue of scaling up is particularly important1This chapter is a shortened version of a longer published paper: Franzel, S., G.L. Denning, J.P.B. Lillesø and A.R. Mercado 2004.Scaling up the impact of agroforestry: Lessons from three sites in Africa and Asia. Agroforestry Systems 61–62(1–3): 329–344.
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CitationGarrity, D., A. Okono, M. G
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Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
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viWorld Agroforestry into the Futur
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viiiWorld Agroforestry into the Fut
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Agroforestry and the Future
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Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
Page 21 and 22: Trees and Markets
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Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
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Keywords:Agroforestry, vulnerabilit
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Chapter 13: Opportunities for linki
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“Agroforestry can and does playa
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Keywords:Educational impact, sustai
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Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
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Chapter 16: Capacity building in ag
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Keywords:Networking, research-exten
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Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
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Chapter 17: Institutional collabora
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Keywords:Capacity building, agrofor
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Chapter 18: Building capacity for r
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Keywords:E-learning, agricultural e
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Chapter 19: Can e-learning support
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Chapter 20Strengthening Institution
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Chapter 20: Strengthening instituti
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168“The biological characteristic
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Author ContactsFahmudin Agusisri@in
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsACIARAFTP
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CreditsFront cover photo: Karen Rob
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World Agroforestry into the Future
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