The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where does agroforestry fit in? - World ...

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180World Agroforestry into the FutureReferencesAgarwal, B. 1994. Gender and command overproperty: A critical gap in economicanalysis and policy in South Asia. WorldDevelopment 22: 1455–1478.Baral, J.C. and Y.B. Thapa 2003. Nepal’s LeaseholdForestry for the Poor: Looking at theunintended consequences. MountainForum http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/barax03b.htmBrett, N., F. Ohler and J.K. Tamrakar 2004.Providing the Poor with Secure Access toLand in the Hills of Nepal. Case Study forScaling Up Poverty Reduction: A GlobalLearning Process and Conference, May25–27, 2004, Shanghai, China.Davison, J. (ed) 1988. Agriculture, Women, andLand: The African Experience. WestviewPress, Boulder, USA.Flora, C.B. 2001. Access and control of resources:Lessons from the SANREM CRSP. Agricultureand Human Values 18(1): 41–48.Fortmann, L., C. Antinori and N. Nabane 1997.Fruits of their labors: Gender, propertyrights, and tree planting in two Zimbabwevillages. Rural Sociology 62(3): 295–314.Fortmann, L. and J.W. Bruce 1988. Whose Trees?Proprietary Dimensions of Forestry. WestviewPress, Boulder, USA.Fortmann, L. and D. Rocheleau 1985. Womenand agroforestry: Four myths and threecase studies. Agroforestry Systems 2:253–272.Freudenberger, K.S. 1994. Tree and land tenure:Rapid appraisal tools. FAO Forests, Treesand People Programme and Network.Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, Rome, Italy.Gladwin, C., J. Peterson, D. Phiri and R. Uttaro2002. Agroforestry adoption decisions,structural adjustment and gender in Africa.In: Barrett, C.B., F. Place and A.A. Aboud(eds) Natural Resources Management inAfrican Agriculture: Understanding andImproving Current Practices. CABI Publishing,Nairobi, Kenya.Hansen, J.D., M.K. Luckert, S. Minae and F.Place 2005. Tree planting under customarytenure systems in Malawi: An investigationinto the importance of marriageand inheritance patters. AgriculturalSystems 84(1): 99–118.Kerr, J.M. 2002. Watershed Development Projectsin India: An Evaluation. Research Report127. International Food Policy ResearchInstitute, Washington, DC, USA.Lastarria-Cornhiel, S. 1997. Impact of privatizationon gender and property rights inAfrica. World Development 25: 1317–1333.Otsuka, K. and F. Place 2001. Land Tenure andNatural Resource Management: A ComparativeStudy of Agrarian Communities inAsia and Africa. Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, Baltimore, USA and London, UK.Place, F. 1994. The Role of Land and Tree Tenureon the Adoption of Agroforestry Technologies:A summary and synthesis. LandTenure Center, University of Wisconsin,Madison, USA.Place, F., M. Adato, P. Hebinck and M. Omosa2003. The impact of agroforestry-basedsoil fertility replenishment practices onthe poor in Western Kenya. FCND DiscussionPaper 160. International Food PolicyResearch Institute, Washington, DC, USA.Quisumbing, A.R. 2003. Household Decisions,Gender, and Development: A Synthesis ofRecent Research. International Food PolicyResearch Institute, Washington, DC, USA.Quisumbing, A.R. and K. Otsuka 2001. Land,trees, and women: Evolution of LandTenure Institutions in Western Ghanaand Sumatra. Research Report 121. InternationalFood Policy Research Institute,Washington, DC, USA.Rocheleau, D. 1988. Gender, resource managementand the rural landscape: Implicationsfor agroforestry and farming systemsresearch. In: Poats, S.V., M. Schmink andA. Spring (eds) Gender Issues in FarmingSystems Research and Extension. WestviewPress, Boulder, USA.Rocheleau, D. and D. Edmunds 1997. Women,men and trees: Gender, power and propertyin forest and agrarian landscapes.World Development 25: 1351–1371.Rocheleau, D. and A. van den Hoek 1984. TheApplication of Ecosystems and LandscapeAnalysis in Agroforestry Diagnosisand Design: A case study from Kathamasub-location, Machakos district, Kenya.International Centre for Research on Agroforestry,Nairobi, Kenya.Schroeder, R. 1993. Shady practice: Gender andthe political ecology of resource stabilizationin Gambian garden/orchards. EconomicGeography 69: 349–365.Smith, L.C., U. Ramakrishnan, A. Ndaiye, L. Haddadand R. Martorelle 2003. The Importanceof Women’s Status for Child Nutrition inDeveloping Countries. Research Report.131. International Food Policy ResearchInstitute, Washington, DC, USA.Swallow, B.M., D.P. Garrity and M. van Noordwijk2001. The effects of scales, flows andfilters on property rights and collectiveaction in watershed management. WaterPolicy 3: 457–474.Vijfhuizen, C., C. Braga, L. Artur and N. Kanji2003. Gender, Markets and Livelihoodsin the Context of Globalisation. A study ofthe cashew sector in Mozambique. Mainreport: Phase 2: The South. www.iied.org/sarl/research/projects/t3proj01.html.
Keywords:Forestry, health, Africa, herbal medicine,nutrition, agricultureChapter 23The challenge of HIV/AIDS: Where doesagroforestry fit in?Marcela Villarreal and Christine Holding Anyonge, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;Brent Swallow and Freddie Kwesiga, World Agroforestry CentreAbstractIn its early stages, the global HIV/AIDS epidemic was predominantly an urban problem. It affectedmore men than women, and those with relatively higher incomes. The epidemic has moved rapidlyinto rural areas and now, the majority of people living with and dying from HIV/AIDS are the ruralpoor. Among them, women comprise a disproportionately high number. Although up to 80 percentof the people in the most affected countries depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, there havebeen limited responses from governmental and non-governmental actors in the agriculture and naturalresource sectors. This chapter discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods and the ways inwhich agroforestry could help mitigate those impacts. The chapter concludes that agroforestry interventionscan improve communities’ long-term resilience against HIV/AIDS and other external shocks inways that agricultural interventions alone cannot. Agroforestry technology can be better tuned to respondto the cash, labour, food and asset shortages faced by AIDS-affected communities. By providingoptions for producing nutritious food, managing labour, generating income and enhancing soil fertility,agroforestry technologies can help reduce hunger and promote food security. The authors recommendthat current and future agroforestry programmes and forest policies should be reviewed to assess theireffects on key determinants of HIV vulnerability. They also recommend some responses that can bemade by agroforestry research and development organizations.Introduction“Over the past few years, there has been a major revolutionin the world’s thinking about HIV. The epidemichas been understood, not just as a health issue that willalways remain, but as a major threat to developmentand to human security.” 11Peter Piot, Executive Director, Joint United Nations Programmeon HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Keynote Address to the UN Symposiumon Nutrition and HIV/AIDS 2 April 2001, Nairobi, Kenya.In its earlier stages, the HIV/AIDS epidemic was predominantlyan urban problem, affecting more men thanwomen, and those with relatively high incomes. Theepidemic is now moving rapidly into rural areas, hittingthose who are least equipped to deal with its consequences.Today, 95 percent of people living with – andan even higher proportion of those dying of – HIV/AIDSlive in developing countries. The overwhelming majorityare the rural poor and, among them, women comprisea disproportionately high number. The epidemic isresponsible for undoing decades of economic and social
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Enhancing Environmental ServicesCha
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Agroforestry and the Future
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Keywords:Millennium Development Goa
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Chapter 1: Science-based agroforest
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Trees and Markets
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Keywords:Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia
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Chapter 2: Trees and markets for ag
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Keywords:Perennial tree crops, plan
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Chapter 3: The future of perennial
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Keywords:Agroforestry, improved fal
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Chapter 6: Agroforestry innovations
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Keywords:Extension, farmer-centred
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Chapter 7: Scaling up the impact of
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Chapter 9Land and People:Working Gr
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Chapter 9: Land and people81• sca
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Keywords:Agroforestry, buffering wa
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Chapter 12: Watershed functions in
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“Agroforestry can and does playa
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