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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Transnational Studies by Simultaneity and Matched SampleSample Simultaneous Step-wiseMatchedPartly matchedUnmatchedSource: own literature review.De la Cruz (1995)Osili (1998)Saifullah Khan (1977)Basch et al. (1994)Constantinides (1977)Goldring (1998)Kramer (1997)Landolt (2001)Levitt (2001)Sorensen (1998)Wiltshire (1992)Feldman-Bianco (1992)Gardner (1999)Glick Schiller and Fouron (1998)Guarnizo et al. (2003)Hinojosa Ojeda (2003)Matthei and Smith (1998)Marques et al. (2001)Portes and Guarnizo (1991)Riccio (2002)Rouse (1992)Watson (1977)100Costantinides (1977) 2Table A.2. Two-country Transnational Studies by Scope and Type of Respondent ContactRespondents N ≤ 20per countryRespondents N > 20 percountryIntensiveLevitt (2001) 1Sorensen (1998) 2contact with respondents Matthei and Smith(1998) 2Saifullah Khan (1977)Rouse (1992) 2Watson (1977) 2One-offcontact with respondentsDe la Cruz (1995) Basch et al. (1994)Kramer (1997) 1 Feldman-Bianco (1992) 2Gardner, (1999)Glick Schiller and Fouron(1998) 2Goldring (1998) 2Guarnizo et al. (2003)Landolt (2001)Marques et al. (2001)Osili (1998)Portes and Guarnizo, (1991)Riccio (2002) 2Wiltshire (1992) 1Hinojosa Ojeda (2003)Source: own literature review.Notes: 1 Include surveys by way of background information but the material on migrants’ lives comesfrom a partly matched sample of respondents. These studies are categorized according to their methodswith the partly matched sample. 2 Ethnographies in which it is not clear how many people are studied.
6Remittances, Inequality and Poverty: Evidencefrom Rural MexicoJ. Edward TaylorUniversity of California, DavisJorge MoraEl Colegio de MexicoRichard AdamsThe World BankAlejandro López-FeldmanUniversidad de GuanajuatoThis paper explores the impact of migration and remittances on thedistribution of rural income and on rural poverty, using Gini and povertydecomposition techniques and data from the 2003 Mexico National RuralHousehold Survey. Impacts of migrant remittances on income inequalityhave been a focus of considerable economic research. However, findingsoften have been contradictory, and a unifying theory of remittances andinequality has been elusive. Impacts of remittances on poverty largely havebeen ignored in the development economics literature, and there has beenno effort, to our knowledge, to estimate the influence of remittances onrural poverty in Mexico using household data.The goal of this research is to analyze the distributional and povertyeffects of both international and internal migrant remittances and explorethe differences in these effects across regions. Our findings suggest thatimpacts of remittances are more equalizing and have a larger effect onalleviating poverty in regions where the share of households with migrantsworking abroad is large. We find no such relationship for internal migrantremittances, however.1. Research on Remittances, Inequality and PovertyA number of researchers have examined the distributional effects ofmigrant remittances by comparing income distributions with and withoutremittances (Barham and Boucher, 1998; Oberai and Singh, 1980; Knowlesand Anker, 1981) or by using income-source decompositions of inequalitymeasures (Stark, Taylor and Yitzhaki, 1986, 1988; Adams, 1989, 1991;Adams and Alderman, 1992). These studies offer conflicting findings aboutthe impact of remittances on inequality. Stark, Taylor and Yitzhaki (1986)provide a theoretical explanation for these conflicting findings. They arguethat rural out-migration, like the adoption of a new production technology,101
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
Page 52 and 53: that take place between migrants an
Page 54 and 55: to the flows of goods, resources an
Page 56 and 57: migration and close to Huancayo) or
Page 58 and 59: In some cases, families would regul
Page 60 and 61: Furthermore, the precise compositio
Page 62 and 63: This suggests that, instead of aimi
Page 64 and 65: Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
Page 66 and 67: 1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
Page 68 and 69: Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
Page 70 and 71: Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
Page 72 and 73: Since the 1990s, there has been a b
Page 74 and 75: migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 94 and 95: Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99: Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 124 and 125: Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 126 and 127: 124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150: Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152: Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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