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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepreneurs: Regional Developmentin the Central Highlands of Peru, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.Long, N., and M. Villarreal1998 “Small product, big issues: value contestations and culturalidentities in cross-border commodity networks,” Developmentand Change, October, 29(4): 725-50.Ouden, J. H. B. den.1989 “A three generation perspective: Its importance forethnographic research in development studies. Case studiesfrom Cameroon and Benin,” Paper presented to 88 th AnnualMeeting of the American Anthropological Association.Paerregaard, K.1997 Linking Separate Worlds: Urban Migrants and Rural Lives inPeru, Berg, Oxford and New York.Rodríguez Doig, E.1994 Entre el Campo y la Ciudad: Estrategias MigratoriasFrente a la Crisis. Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y laParticipación (CEDEP), Peru.Saignes, T.1995 ”Indian migration and social change in seventeenth-centuryCharcas,” in B. Larson and O. Harris (eds.), Ethnicity,Markets, and Migration in the Andes, Duke University Press,Durham and London.64Smith, G.1984 “Confederations of households: Extended domestic enterprisesin city and country,” in N. Long and B. Roberts (eds.), Miners,Peasants, and Entrepreneurs: Regional Development in theCentral Highlands of Peru, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Sorensen, N.N., N. van Hear, and P. Engberg-Pedersen2002 “The migration-development nexus: evidence and policyoptions,” International Organization for Migration, MigrationResearch Series, no.8Sorensen, N.N.2002 Work and Migration: Life and Livelihoods in a GlobalizingWorld, Routledge, London and New York.2004 “Migrant transfers as a development tool,” Working Paper16, DIIS (Dansk Institut For Internationale Studier),Copenhagen.2005 “Migrant remittances, development and gender,” DIIS (DanskInstitut For Internationale Studier), Copenhagen.Tamagno, C.2002 “‘You must win their affection....’ Migrants’ social and culturalpractices,” in N.N. Sorensen (ed.), Work and Migration: Lifeand Livelihoods in a Globalizing World, Routledge, Londonand New York.2003 “‘Entre acá y allá’: Vidas transnacionales y desarrollo.Peruanos entre Italia y Perú,” PhD Thesis, WageningenUniversity, Wageningen, the Netherlands.Vasconcelos de, P.2005 “Improving the development impact of remittances,” Paperpresented at the UN Expert Group Meeting on InternationalMigration and Development, New York, 6-8 July.Wartena, D.2006 “Styles of making a living and ecological change on the Fonand Adja Plateaux in South Bénin ca. 1600-1990,” PhD. Thesis,Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.65
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
Page 10 and 11:
UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
Page 15: Introduction
Page 18 and 19: overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
Page 20 and 21: labor migration. This narrower topi
Page 22 and 23: narrowing income inequalities withi
Page 24 and 25: and 2004 has increased the urban po
Page 27: Connecting Internaland Internationa
Page 30 and 31: it comes to questions of migration
Page 32 and 33: internal and international migratio
Page 34 and 35: the larger cities. British ships we
Page 36 and 37: states. At present, as part of our
Page 38 and 39: 36and one on international migratio
Page 40 and 41: perspective 3 that gives methodolog
Page 42 and 43: commercial, industrial and service
Page 44 and 45: taken place in migration flows. The
Page 46 and 47: to what was left of the original en
Page 48 and 49: sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
Page 50 and 51: husband who sought refuge and work
Page 52 and 53: that take place between migrants an
Page 54 and 55: to the flows of goods, resources an
Page 56 and 57: migration and close to Huancayo) or
Page 58 and 59: In some cases, families would regul
Page 60 and 61: Furthermore, the precise compositio
Page 62 and 63: This suggests that, instead of aimi
Page 64 and 65: Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
Page 68 and 69: Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
Page 70 and 71: Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
Page 72 and 73: Since the 1990s, there has been a b
Page 74 and 75: migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 94 and 95: Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99: Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 102 and 103: AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 126 and 127:
124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160:
Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179:
ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196:
Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
Page 217 and 218:
Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
Page 219 and 220:
Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
Page 243 and 244:
Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255:
Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271:
ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
Page 272 and 273:
Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282:
Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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