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Table 2. Characteristics of Emigrants Who Have Remitted and Who Have Never RemittedIndependent Variables Remitted Never RemittedSocio-Demographic CharacteristicsAverage age 33.41 33.62Married 78.4% 66.7%Average years of schooling 8.64 6.75Household CharacteristicsAverage dependency ratio 0.15 0.18Home ownership 93.5% 88.1%Migration-Economic CharacteristicsAverage duration of stay overseas 6.57 6.75Average emigration cost $33,768.84 $26,631.58Average previous year remittances $8,153.28 ---Average cumulative years’ remittances $52,617.91 ---Village Economic ContextAverage proportion of females in industry 0.04 0.03Village InfrastructureAverage distance to national highway (km) 8.46 10.18Bank of China branch 23.8% 17.4%Village Agrarian ContextAverage agrarian population density 318.31 435.88Average proportion of agrarian land 0.19 0.19Number of emigrants 1,437 60Table 3. Spending Patterns of Overseas Remittances by Duration of Stay Overseas296Remittances were spent on: Overall < 1yearDuration of Stay Overseas1-2years3-5years6-9years10+yearsPaying for family’s living 84.3% 77.2% 66.5% 83.2% 89.0% 89.4%Paying off emigration cost 43.8% 50.0% 67.0% 55.4% 36.5% 24.0%Supporting the elderly 37.3% 27.8% 21.4% 32.0% 41.9% 47.7%Building or purchasing housing 26.7% 16.7% 7.7% 19.1% 33.4% 39.2%Helping to raise children bornoverseas but sent back to ChinaSupporting local education andother public projects19.6% 11.1% 9.9% 15.9% 26.8% 18.7%11.4% 5.6% 6.0% 9.7% 11.8% 17.0%Other purposes 4.7% 5.6% 3.3% 3.7% 5.0% 5.0%Building ancestry grave 3.6% 0.0% 2.2% 1.8% 4.3% 6.4%Doing business 2.4% 11.1% 2.2% 2.1% 1.9% 3.2%Total number of cases 1,436 18 182 435 518 283
Table 4. Logistic Regression Models Predicting whether an Emigrant Has Ever RemittedModel 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4Independent Variables b SE b SE b SE b SESocio-Demographic CharacteristicsAge -0.020 0.022 -0.051 0.041 -0.022 0.029 -0.032 0.027Married 1.135 ** 0.375 1.709 * 0.683 1.530 ** 0.477 1.466 ** 0.490Years of schooling -0.015 0.062 0.062 0.106 -0.005 0.082 0.027 0.088Household CharacteristicsDependency ratio -1.665 † 0.902 -1.699 1.565 -2.296 * 1.116 -1.467 1.250Homeownership 0.711 0.460 0.484 0.821 1.128 * 0.536 0.783 0.674Migration-Economic CharacteristicsDuration of stay overseas 0.089 * 0.045 0.304 ** 0.099 0.057 0.056 0.117 † 0.062Emigration cost 0.037 ** 0.009 0.050 ** 0.014 0.047 ** 0.012 0.036 0.012Village Economic ContextProportion of females in industry 1.564 3.389Village InfrastructureDistance to national highway -0.038 0.026Bank of China branch 0.780 0.558Village Agrarian ContextAgrarian population density -0.045 0.035Proportion of agrarian land -0.237 1.077Intercept 1.070 1.138 -0.009 1.819 0.750 1.450 1.120 1.605Number of emigrants 1,397 606 889 878† p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01297
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
Page 248 and 249: agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
Page 250 and 251: evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
Page 252 and 253: Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255: Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
Page 258 and 259: migration are removed, all wage and
Page 260 and 261: urban-biased policies persisted, pr
Page 262 and 263: eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
Page 264 and 265: The institutional barriers faced by
Page 266 and 267: ecause of the rapid migration of th
Page 268 and 269: Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271: ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
Page 272 and 273: Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
Page 275 and 276: 12International Migration and Devel
Page 277 and 278: 2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
Page 279 and 280: of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282: Given the size of recent emigration
Page 283 and 284: 5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
Page 285 and 286: interpret. Some of it may be caused
Page 287 and 288: 8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
Page 289 and 290: emittances in the year prior to the
Page 291 and 292: fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
Page 295 and 296: Massey, D.1988 “International mig
Page 297: AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
Page 301 and 302: Table 6. Logistic Regression Models
Page 303 and 304: Table 8. Logistic Regression Models
Page 305 and 306: 13Remittances in the Latin American
Page 307 and 308: to anti-money laundering and suspic
Page 309 and 310: Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
Page 311 and 312: has left from countries in Western
Page 313 and 314: Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
Page 315 and 316: Source: National Money Transmitters
Page 317 and 318: One way this redistributive effect
Page 319 and 320: Managua reported having a relative
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Page 323 and 324: Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
Page 325 and 326: Guyana offers an interesting exampl
Page 327 and 328: In addition to exports of these goo
Page 329 and 330: Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
Page 331 and 332: alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
Page 333 and 334: concentration is pronounced, innova
Page 335 and 336: emittance recipients have a higher
Page 337 and 338: AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
Page 339 and 340: Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
Page 341: 2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
Page 345 and 346: 14A Framework for Linking and Compa
Page 347 and 348: to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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