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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmigrate, about50% of (SC)Pankas. Pankasare most advancedagriculturalists,particularly in newlyemerging irrigatedpaddy. Baigas havethe worst land.All castes, includingnon-poor cultivatinghouseholds suchas Lodhis (OBC).Wheat harvestingin Havelli regionwest of Jabalpuralong Namadaplains. Mainmigration is inMarch, thoughsome go for paddyharvesting inother regions inNovember andsome are ableto secure pulseharvesting inApril, althoughthis overlaps withMahua collection athome.1–2 month trips tourban centers suchas Bhopal andNagpur.Families migratein groups viacontractor(mestri), andoften to landlordswith whom theyhave a long termrelationship.Sometimes groupsof related singlewomen maymigrate.Mainly youngmales, lookingfor good pay andexperience of citylife.Contractorpays food, andsometimestransport.Contract workmeans that returnscan be higherif whole familyworks together.Accumulativecompared to otherworks. Theseroutes have beenplied for 30 yearsand more. Wagesin grain are approxequivalent Rs. 30/day/person.None High savingsare possible butthere is the risk ofunsuccessful worksearch and of beingcheated. Somehave developedgood skills andreturns frommasonry. Returnsfrom urban workare Rs. 40–60/daybut costs arehigh (at least Rs.20/day plus returntransport).Families can saveup to Rs. 50/day/family. If they gettwo weeks’ work,they can saveup to Rs. 1000.Secures yearround food security.Involves children,so has impact onschooling, thoughsome schools shutin March anyway.As these are oftenopportunities forsingle men, themain impact on thehome householdis positive, ifremittances aresent or savingsaccumulated forreturn.184PT: hilly withlimited agriculturaldevelopment. 15kmoff main road,restricted accessand transport. Butrelatively close toJabalpur city andassociated highproductivity Havelliareas.GG: irrigatedagriculture,but polarisedland holdings.Commutable toMandla districttown.
GG: irrigatedagriculture,but polarisedland holdings.Commutable toMandla districttown.Mainly poorercastes such asPradhans (SC).23 weeks to nearbyBhamni Banji forpaddy harvesting inNovember.Whole familiesfor contract work.Often in groups,connected by kin orfriendship.Contractorpays food, andsometimestransport.Contract workmeans that returnscan be higherif whole familyworks together.Accumulativecompared to otherworks. Wages, ingrain, are approxequivalent to Rs.30/day/ person.Generates surplusincome over andabove the regularKharif incomefrom in-villageagricultural labor.MB: land verypoor despite lakeirrigation. Close tosmall block town,Close to bus route,but far from majortown.Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimarfishermen. Twothirds migrate,mostly thosewith marginallandholdings.Paddy harvestingin Bhind district.Some wheat/mustard harvestingin Gwalior district.Trips are short: 1–2weeks.Groups of womenare the mainagricultural migrantworkers. Mostfamilies have somemarginal land somen may remain tomanage this land.None Ag. migrationis secure andfairly predictableand thereforeaccumulative.These linksare often wellestablished.Wages, in grain,are approxequivalent to Rs.30/day/person.Women can facehigh risks, thoughthese are mitigatedby the establishedrelations they havewith landlords,and by traveling ingroups.185
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150: Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152: Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
Page 153 and 154: 6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
Page 155 and 156: ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
Page 157 and 158: 1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160: Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
Page 161: White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
Page 164 and 165: seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167: for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169: 3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
Page 170 and 171: producers are facing heavy losses a
Page 172 and 173: in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175: In conclusion, migration can bring
Page 176 and 177: is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179: ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
Page 180 and 181: Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
Page 182 and 183: Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
Page 184 and 185: 182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
Page 188 and 189: Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
Page 191 and 192: 9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
Page 193 and 194: of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196: Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
Page 197 and 198: migration tend to imitate the behav
Page 199 and 200: What is presented below is therefor
Page 201 and 202: ate of exchange and was thus sent t
Page 203 and 204: which was an important consideratio
Page 205 and 206: some migrants had started chitties,
Page 207 and 208: The extended family constituted a c
Page 209 and 210: much individuals had “locked up i
Page 211 and 212: edistribution were enforced through
Page 213 and 214: and the definition of status in eac
Page 215 and 216: perceived, the status-seeking activ
Page 217 and 218: Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
Page 219 and 220: Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
Page 221 and 222: 10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
Page 223 and 224: in labor migration emerged after, a
Page 225 and 226: husband and wife, four daughters an
Page 227 and 228: (Table 3). In the central and weste
Page 229 and 230: Table 5. Composition of Rural House
Page 231 and 232: Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
Page 233 and 234: schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
Page 235 and 236: of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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