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2003aFamily remittances to Nicaragua: Opportunities toincrease the economic contributions of Nicaraguansliving abroad, Report commissioned by the USDA,Inter American Dialogue, Washington, D.C.2003 Oportunidades y estrategias para el desarrollo yel crecimiento a través de las remesas familiares aNicaragua, Inter-American Dialogue, Washington,D.C.2003c2004a2004bWorker remittances, transnationalism and development,Paper presented at the Migrant Remittances,Development Impact, Opportunities for the FinancialSector and Future Prospects Conference, 9 and 10October, London, England.Determinants of remittance transfers: The case of theDominican Republic, January 1999 to September 2003,Unpublished manuscript, Inter-American Dialogue,Washington, D.C.Distant but close: Guyanese transnational communitiesand their remittances from the United States, Inter-American Dialogue, Washington, D.C.2004 The remittance marketplace: Prices, policy and financialinstitutions, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C.,Spanish version published in Revista Sin Fronteras,no.12 (Abril-Mayo).2005 “Transnationalism and development: Trends andopportunities in Latin America; A survey of transnationalcommunities,” in S. Munzele Maimbo and D. Ratha(eds.), Remittances: Development impact and futureprospects, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., pp.347-377.338Pew Hispanic Center and Bendixen and Associates2003 Receptores de remesas en Centroamérica, MultilateralInvestment Fund, Inter-American Development Bank,Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuador: Una investigacióndel mercado, Multilateral Investment Fund, Inter-American Development Bank, Quito, Ecuador.Ratha, D.2003 “Worker remittances: An important and stable sourceof external development finance,” Global DevelopmentFinance, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.Rossini, R.E.2002 O novo enraizamento: A conquista do espaço pelosnikkeis do Brasil no Japão, Paper presented atXIII Encontro da Associação Brasileira de EstudosPopulacionais, November, Ouro Preto, Brazil.The World Bank2003 World development indicators (CD-Rom), The WorldBank, Washington, D.C.Torres, F.2001 “Las remesas y el desarrollo rural en las zonas de altaintensidad migratoria en México,” Comisión NacionesUnidas: Comisión Económica para América Latina yEl Caribe (CEPAL), Mexico.U.S. International Trade Commission, Interactive Tariff and TradeDataWebU.S. Census Bureau2000 Census 2000, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington,D.C.Zarate, G.3392004 The multiplier effect of remittances, Unpublished.
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
Page 289 and 290: emittances in the year prior to the
Page 291 and 292: fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
Page 295 and 296: Massey, D.1988 “International mig
Page 297 and 298: AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
Page 299 and 300: Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
Page 305 and 306: 13Remittances in the Latin American
Page 307 and 308: to anti-money laundering and suspic
Page 309 and 310: Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
Page 311 and 312: has left from countries in Western
Page 313 and 314: Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
Page 315 and 316: Source: National Money Transmitters
Page 317 and 318: One way this redistributive effect
Page 319 and 320: Managua reported having a relative
Page 321 and 322: America have a higher rate of havin
Page 323 and 324: Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
Page 325 and 326: Guyana offers an interesting exampl
Page 327 and 328: In addition to exports of these goo
Page 329 and 330: Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
Page 331 and 332: alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
Page 333 and 334: concentration is pronounced, innova
Page 335 and 336: emittance recipients have a higher
Page 337 and 338: AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
Page 339: Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
Page 345 and 346: 14A Framework for Linking and Compa
Page 347 and 348: to jobs, savings, and networks that
Page 349 and 350: were expanding. That “flooding”
Page 351 and 352: ural families to repay debts, satis
Page 353 and 354: ut case studies, including that of
Page 355 and 356: would do well to examine how variou
Page 357 and 358: Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
Page 359 and 360: networks combine internal and inter
Page 361 and 362: 4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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Page 365 and 366: challenge for development practitio
Page 367 and 368: community members could help to cla
Page 369: itself). While research and analysi
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