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country; the overseas Chinese or the Viet Kieu are excellent examples. Byestablishing business interests in their home country, they can generatethe kinds of opportunities that will draw in migrants from the countrysideor other parts of the country, international migration again contributing tointernal movements.The examples I have taken come from countries of origin of migration. Wecould seek linkages, too, in countries of destination. In Asia, immigrationdid not appear to have developed far enough to have led to any clear linkagesbetween internal and international migration in Japan, Korea or Taiwan,for example. However, in the developed countries of North America andAustralasia, linkages have been sought. The successive waves of migrantgroups passing from the center of major North American cities to the suburbshas been observed: from white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, through CatholicIrish and Italians, and also Jewish groups, to the new immigrants. As oneimmigrant group becomes established, it tends to move out of the centerstowards the suburbs, freeing up inner-city housing for the next immigrantgroup to occupy. As more of the later group of immigrants concentrate inthe inner city, they may help to push the previous group out, so that wehave a self-reinforcing process of international migration leading to theinternal migration of the previous group. Here again we appear to have astage-type sequence of movement involving different migrant groups.4. ConclusionMy principal purpose in presenting this range of cases has been to showhow internal and international migrations can be linked. I am in no wayarguing for a simplistic internal-leads-to-international-migration kind ofexplanation, or vice versa. What we need to do is to look at the whole rangeof potential destinations available to migrants. Again, I am not arguing thatinternal and international migrations are the same thing. I still accept thatcrossing a boundary between one state and another is different from thatof moving within the confines of a single state, although in certain casesI think that the differences are blurred and are diminishing. Increasingirregular migration and the creation of areas of “open borders,” as inmuch of Europe, are contributing to such blurring of any hard and fastdistinction between internal and international migration in practical if notin legal terms. By focusing so much of our attention only on internationalmigration we are truncating a unified migration space. The two types are,as I have tried to show, inextricably linked in a great variety of ways. Iam pleased to see this meeting considering international and internalmigration together, although I also see that we have one paper on internal35