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the extent that rural migrants send remittances back to the countrysideand increase consumption there, Huang and Zhan point out, they reducetheir own consumption in cities, sometimes to poverty levels, which wouldthen decrease urban demand. In contrast, international migration addsto demand within a national economy without the reallocation betweenrural and urban areas associated with internal migration. If so, then thecontribution of internal migration in China to economic growth wouldtake place more through migrants, employment in productive work thanthrough growing consumer demand, in contrast to industrial expansion thattook place in the United States, which was based on international as wellas internal migration.A related question is whether urbanization in China will facilitate economiesof scale and increase productivity so as to enable both rural migrants andurban workers to increase their earnings. Cai and Wang contend thathukou restrictions and monopolistic public enterprises create labor marketsegmentation and severe discrimination, which keep rural migrants fromaccess to the same jobs, wages, and standard of living as urban workers.Although Carter and Sutch do not discuss labor-market segmentationand discrimination in U.S. industries, the history of the U.S. labor andcivil rights movements suggests that, even with the dismantling of legalinstitutional discrimination, minority populations continue to be excludedfrom jobs by socially driven discrimination. The U.S. case suggests thatassuring that rural migrants have access to the same jobs and incomesof urban workers could require political and social interventions againstemployment discrimination that go beyond the legal elimination of hukouand job restrictions.To the extent that the essays in this volume may reflect the wider researchliteratures on the economic impacts of internal and international migration,it seems that differences in analytic perspectives are less the result ofinherent differences between internal and international migration than of aseparation between the two sub-fields of research. Comparing research oninternal and international migration on the level of families, communities,regions, and nations has helped to identify ways in which the two literaturescan inform one another.3563. Concepts and Methods of Research and AnalysisBringing together the study of internal and international migration can leadnot only to the sharing of different perspectives but also to the creation ofnew analytical concepts and research methods. While the essays of NormanLong and Valentina Mazzucato both focus on the ways in which family