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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A cross-Atlantic dialogue: The progress of research andtheory in the study of international migration,” InternationalMigration Review 38(3): 828-851.Portes, A., L. E. Guarnizo, and W. J. Haller2002 “Transnational entrepreneurs: An alternative form ofimmigrant economic adaptation,” American SociologicalReview 67(2): 278-298.Portes, A., L. E. Guarnizo, and P. Landolt1999 “The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of anemergent research field,” Ethnic and Racial Studies (22) 2:217-237.Portes, A., and L.E. Guarnizo1991 Capitalistas del tropico: La inmigracion en los EstadosUnidos y el desarrollo de la pequena empresa en la RepublicaDominicana, Santo Domingo, The John Hopkins University,Flacso.Riccio, B.2002 “Senegal is our home: The anchored nature of Senegalesetransnational networks,”. N. Al-Ali and K. Koser (eds.), inNew approaches to migration? Transnational communitiesand the transformation of home, Routledge, London and NewYork, pp. 68-83Rouse, R.961992 “Making sense of settlement: Class transformation, culturalstruggle, and transnationalism among Mexican migrants inthe United States,” in N. Glick Schiller, L. Basch, and C.Szanton Blanc (eds.), Towards a transnational perspective onmigration: race, class, ethnicity, and nationalism reconsidered,New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 25-52.
Saifullah Khan, V.1977 “The Pakistanis: Mirpuri villagers at home and in Bradford,”in J. Watson (ed.), Between two cultures: Migrants andminorities in Britain, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Salih, R.2002 “Shifting meanings of ‘Home’: Consumption and identityin Moroccan women’s transnational practices betweenItaly and Morocco,” in N. Al-Ali and K. Koser (eds.), Newapproaches to migration? Transnational communities and thetransformation of home, Routledge, London and New York,pp. 51-67.Skeldon, R.1997 Migation and development: A global perspective, Longman,Essex.Smith, M.P.2001 Transnational urbanism: Locating globalization, BlackwellPublishers, Oxford.Smith, M.P., and L.E. Guarnizo (eds.)1998 Transnationalism from below, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ.Smith, R.1998 “Transnational localities: Community, technology and thepolitics of membership within the context of Mexico andU.S. migration,” in M.P. Smith and L.E. Guarnizo (eds.),Transnationalism from below, Transaction, New Brunswick,NJ, pp. 196-239.Sorensen, N.971998 “Narrating identity across Dominican worlds,” in M.P. Smithand L.E. Guarnizo (eds.), Transnationalism from below,Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 241-269.
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
Page 48 and 49: sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
Page 50 and 51: husband who sought refuge and work
Page 52 and 53: that take place between migrants an
Page 54 and 55: to the flows of goods, resources an
Page 56 and 57: migration and close to Huancayo) or
Page 58 and 59: In some cases, families would regul
Page 60 and 61: Furthermore, the precise compositio
Page 62 and 63: This suggests that, instead of aimi
Page 64 and 65: Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
Page 66 and 67: 1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
Page 68 and 69: Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
Page 70 and 71: Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
Page 72 and 73: Since the 1990s, there has been a b
Page 74 and 75: migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 94 and 95: Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 102 and 103: AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 124 and 125: Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 126 and 127: 124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160:
Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167:
for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169:
3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175:
In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179:
ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
Page 180 and 181:
Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
Page 182 and 183:
Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
Page 188 and 189:
Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196:
Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
Page 217 and 218:
Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
Page 219 and 220:
Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
Page 221 and 222:
10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
Page 241 and 242:
ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255:
Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271:
ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282:
Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294:
ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
Page 357 and 358:
Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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