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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron1998 “Transnational lives and national identities: The identitypolitics of Haitian immigrants,” in M.P. Smith and L.E.Guarnizo (eds.), Transnationalism from below, TransactionPublishers, New Brunswick, pp. 130-161.Glick Schiller, N., L. Basch, and C. Szanton Blanc (eds.)1992 Towards a transnational perspective on migration: Race,class, ethnicity, and nationalism reconsidered, The New YorkAcademy of Sciences, New York.Goldring, L.1998 “The power of status in transnational social fields,” in M.P.Smith and L.E. Guarnizo (eds.), Transnationalism from below,Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, pp. 195-195.Guarnizo, L. E., A. Portes, and W. Haller2003 “Assimilation and transnationalism: Determinants oftransnational political action among contemporary migrants,”American Journal of Sociology 108(6): 1211-1248.Hannerz, U.1998 “Transnational research,” in H. Russell Bernard (ed.),Handbook of methods in anthropology, Altamira Press,Walnut Creek, CA.Hinojosa Ojeda, R.922003 Transnational migration, remittances and developmentin North America: Globalization lessons from the OaxaCalifornia transnational village / community modeling project,Remittances as a Development Tool in Mexico organized bythe Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) of the Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank (IDB), Mexico City, Mexico.
Kabki, M., V. Mazzucato, and E. Appiah2004 “Wo benanε a εyε bebree: The economic impact of remittancesof Netherlands-based Ghanaian migrants on rural Ashanti,”Population, Space and Place 10: 85-97.Klaver, J.1997 “From the land of the sun to the city of angels,” NetherlandsGeographic Studies, no. 228, Amsterdam.Landolt, P.2001 “Salvadoran economic transnationalism: Embedded strategiesfor household maintenance, immigrant incorporation, andentrepreneurial expansion,” Global Networks 1(3): 217-241.Levitt, P.2001 The transnational villagers, University of California Press,Berkeley.Levitt, and Glick SchillerLucas2004 “Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social fieldperspective on society,” International Migration Review38(3): 1002-1039.2005 International migration and economic development: Lessonsfrom low-income countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Sweden.Lucas, R., and O. Stark1985 “Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana,” The Journalof Political Economy 93(5): 901-918.93
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
Page 44 and 45: taken place in migration flows. The
Page 46 and 47: to what was left of the original en
Page 48 and 49: sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
Page 50 and 51: husband who sought refuge and work
Page 52 and 53: that take place between migrants an
Page 54 and 55: to the flows of goods, resources an
Page 56 and 57: migration and close to Huancayo) or
Page 58 and 59: In some cases, families would regul
Page 60 and 61: Furthermore, the precise compositio
Page 62 and 63: This suggests that, instead of aimi
Page 64 and 65: Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
Page 66 and 67: 1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
Page 68 and 69: Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
Page 70 and 71: Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
Page 72 and 73: Since the 1990s, there has been a b
Page 74 and 75: migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99: Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 102 and 103: AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 124 and 125: Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 126 and 127: 124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146:
out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160:
Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167:
for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179:
ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
Page 180 and 181:
Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
Page 182 and 183:
Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196:
Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271:
ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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