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Frey, W.H., and K-L Liaw1998 “The impact of recent immigration on population redistributionwithin the United States,” In J.P. Smith and B. Edmonston(eds.), The immigration debate: Studies on the economic,demographic, and fiscal effects of immigration, NationalAcademy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 388-448.Friedberg, R.M., and J. Hunt1995 “The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employmentand growth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(2): 23-44.Goldin, C.1994 “The political economy of immigration restriction in theUnited States, 1890 to 1921,” in C. Goldin and G. Libecap(eds.), The regulated economy, University of Chicago Press,Chicago, pp. 223-258.Graham, O.L., Jr.2004 Unguarded gates: A history of America’s immigration crisis,Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.Haines, M.R.2004 “Historical, demographic, economic, and social data:The United States, 1790-2000,” ICPSR study NUMBER2896 [Computer File ICPSR02896-v2], Inter-UniversityConsortium for Political and Social Research.Haines, M.R., and R. Sutch1562006 “National population and the demographic components ofchange: 1790-2000,” In R. Sutch and S.B. Carter (eds.), inHistorical statistics of the United States, millennial edition,Cambridge University Press, New York, Series Aa9 and Aa14,pp. 1-30, 1-33.
Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998 The age of mass migration: Causes and economic impact,Oxford University Press, New York.Kritz, M.M., and D. T. Gurak2001 “Impact of immigration on the internal migration of natives,”Demography 38(1): 134-135.LaLonde, R.J., and R. H. Topel1991 “Labor market adjustments to increased immigration,” in J.M. Abowd and R. B. Freeman (eds.), Immigration, trade, andthe labor market, University of Chicago Press for the NationalBureau of Economic Research, Chicago, pp. 167-200.Lowenstein, R.2006 “The immigration equation,” The New York Times Magazine,9 July, pp. 36-43, 69-71.Ottaviano, G.I.P., and G. Peri2005 “Gains from ‘diversity’: Theory and evidence fromimmigration in U.S. cities,” NBER Working Paper #10904,March.2006 “Rethinking gains from immigration: Theory and evidencefrom the U.S.,” NBER Working Paper #11672, January.Rees, A.1961 Real wages in manufacturing, 1890-1914, PrincetonUniversity Press, Princeton.Romer, P.M.1571996 “Why, indeed, in America? Theory, history, and the originsof modern economic growth,” American Economic Review86(2): 202-206.
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99:
Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107:
To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 124 and 125: Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
Page 126 and 127: 124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150: Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152: Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
Page 153 and 154: 6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
Page 155 and 156: ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
Page 157: 1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 161: White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
Page 164 and 165: seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167: for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169: 3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
Page 170 and 171: producers are facing heavy losses a
Page 172 and 173: in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175: In conclusion, migration can bring
Page 176 and 177: is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179: ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
Page 180 and 181: Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
Page 182 and 183: Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
Page 184 and 185: 182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
Page 186 and 187: Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
Page 188 and 189: Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
Page 191 and 192: 9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
Page 193 and 194: of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196: Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
Page 197 and 198: migration tend to imitate the behav
Page 199 and 200: What is presented below is therefor
Page 201 and 202: ate of exchange and was thus sent t
Page 203 and 204: which was an important consideratio
Page 205 and 206: some migrants had started chitties,
Page 207 and 208: The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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