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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and inequality reconsidered: Direct, indirectand intertemporal effects,” Journal of Policy Modeling 14:187-208.Taylor, J.E., A. de Brauw, and S. Rozelle2003 “Migration and incomes in source communities: A newrconomics of migration perspective from China,” EconomicDevelopment and Cultural Change October, 52(1): 75-102.Taylor, J.E., and T.J. Wyatt1996 “The shadow value of migrant remittances, income andinequality in a household-farm economy,” Journal ofDevelopment Studies 32(6): 899-912.Wodon, Q., and S. Yitzhaki2002 “Inequality and social welfare,” in J. Klugman (ed.), Povertyreduction strategy papers sourcebook, The World BankWashington, D.C.122
AppendixTable 1. Migration Summary Statistics for Rural Mexico, by RegionRegion Variable Percentages Sample Mean Standard Minimum MaximumSouth-South East Households with U.S. migrants (%) 7.53% - 0.26 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.10 0.42 0 3Households with Internal migrants (%) 34.95% - 0.48 - -Internal Migrants per Household 0.89 1.61 0 8Household Sample Size 372Center Households with U.S. migrants (%) 14.52% - 0.35 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.27 0.89 0 8Households with Internal migrants (%) 29.32% - 0.46 - -Internal Migrants per Household 0.70 1.48 0 8Household Sample Size 365Center-West Households with U.S. migrants (%) 27.75% - 0.45 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.62 1.29 0 7Households with Internal migrants (%) 30.06% - 0.46 - -Internal Migrants per Household 1.02 1.99 0 10Household Sample Size 346Northwest Households with U.S. migrants (%) 12.09% - 0.33 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.23 0.79 0 9Households with Internal migrants (%) 22.42% - 0.42 - -Internal Migrants per Household 0.72 1.71 0 8Household Sample Size 339Northeast Households with U.S. migrants (%) 19.72% - 0.40 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.54 1.43 0 9Households with Internal migrants (%) 11.67% - 0.32 - -Internal Migrants per Household 0.23 0.80 0 8Household Sample Size 360Total Households with U.S. migrants (%) 16.22% - 0.37 - -U.S. Migrants per Household 0.35 1.04 0 9Households with Internal migrants (%) 25.76% - 0.44 - -Internal Migrants per Household 0.71 1.58 0 10Household Sample Size 1782Source: ENHRUM 2003123
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
Page 74 and 75: migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
Page 76 and 77: well as discussing some of the cons
Page 78 and 79: carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
Page 80 and 81: Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
Page 82 and 83: home countries, for example, throug
Page 84 and 85: These insurance events can constitu
Page 86 and 87: Having people collect similar data
Page 88 and 89: people they knew. In fact, some of
Page 90 and 91: For migration research, this means
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
Page 94 and 95: Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
Page 96 and 97: Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
Page 98 and 99: Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
Page 100 and 101: Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
Page 102 and 103: AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
Page 104 and 105: initially entails high costs and ri
Page 106 and 107: To our knowledge, no study has esti
Page 108 and 109: 2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
Page 110 and 111: with its neat correspondence to the
Page 112 and 113: let z > 0 denote the predetermined
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
Page 116 and 117: Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
Page 120 and 121: 4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
Page 122 and 123: Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
Page 126 and 127: 124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
Page 128 and 129: Central Region45Percentage of Villa
Page 130 and 131: 128Figure 3. Relationship between P
Page 133 and 134: 7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
Page 135 and 136: Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
Page 137 and 138: The net immigration rate can be tak
Page 139 and 140: is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
Page 141 and 142: consequence a highly elastic supply
Page 143 and 144: in the populous fourteen states of
Page 145 and 146: out were both at work in this case
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7 identifies what we call
Page 149 and 150: Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
Page 151 and 152: Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
Page 153 and 154: 6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
Page 155 and 156: ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
Page 157 and 158: 1999 “Historical perspectives on
Page 159 and 160: Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
Page 161: White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
Page 164 and 165: seasonal basis, to areas with more
Page 166 and 167: for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169: 3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
Page 170 and 171: producers are facing heavy losses a
Page 172 and 173: in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175:
In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196:
Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
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evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
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Before reform, the annual quota of
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Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
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Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
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migration are removed, all wage and
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urban-biased policies persisted, pr
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eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
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The institutional barriers faced by
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ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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