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298Table 5. OLS Regression Models Predicting Remittances Amount in Previous YearModel 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5Independent Variables b SE b SE b SE b SE b SESocio-Demographic CharacteristicsAge 0.0001 0.005 0.004 0.008 -0.002 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.010Married -0.087 0.083 -0.135 0.136 -0.093 0.104 -0.046 0.105 -0.220 0.158Years of schooling 0.010 0.014 -0.007 0.022 0.017 0.017 0.013 0.017 -0.019 0.026Household CharacteristicsDependency ratio -0.364 † 0.191 -0.582 † 0.316 -0.009 0.239 -0.366 0.240 -0.452 0.371Homeownership 0.288 * 0.116 0.199 0.187 0.182 0.141 0.262 † 0.158 0.359 0.236Migration-Economic CharacteristicsDuration of stay overseas -0.010 0.010 -0.023 0.017 -0.014 0.013 -0.011 0.012 -0.042 † 0.022Emigration cost 0.008 ** 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.007 ** 0.002 0.007 ** 0.002 0.009 * 0.004Village Economic ContextProportion of females in industry -0.791 0.580 -0.340 3.413Village InfrastructureDistance to national highway -0.005 0.005 -0.017 † 0.010Bank of China branch -0.146 0.101Village Agrarian ContextAgrarian population density 0.016 * 0.008 0.014 0.021Proportion of agrarian land 0.489 * 0.203 -0.218 0.317Intercept 8.054 ** 0.260 8.534 ** 0.402 8.249 ** 0.323 7.682 ** 0.334 8.734 ** 0.517Number of emigrants 1,282 559 811 812 410† p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Table 6. Logistic Regression Models Predicting whether Remittances were Spent on BusinessModel 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4Independent Variables b SE b SE b SE b SESocio-Demographic CharacteristicsAge 0.017 0.030 0.106 * 0.044 0.004 0.041 0.029 0.035Married 0.023 0.553 -1.712 † 0.901 -0.259 0.682 -0.341 0.673Years of schooling 0.090 0.083 0.016 0.123 0.062 0.105 0.065 0.101Household CharacteristicsDependency ratio -0.369 1.214 1.710 1.699 0.282 1.498 0.440 1.433Homeownership -0.762 0.549 -1.178 0.840 -0.590 0.770 -1.119 † 0.656Migration-Economic CharacteristicsDuration of stay overseas 0.039 0.057 0.096 0.097 0.043 0.071 0.029 0.067Emigration cost -0.005 0.013 0.020 0.024 -0.016 0.016 0.002 0.016Village Economic ContextProportion of females in industry -9.131 9.799Village InfrastructureDistance to national highway 0.028 0.033Bank of China branch -0.299 0.639Village Agrarian ContextAgrarian population density 0.073 * 0.036Proportion of agrarian land -3.253 1.997Intercept -4.407 * 1.539 -6.885 ** 2.455 -3.690 † 1.995 -4.040 * 1.943Number of emigrants 1,330 581 848 841† p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01299
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
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Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
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10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
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in labor migration emerged after, a
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husband and wife, four daughters an
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(Table 3). In the central and weste
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Table 5. Composition of Rural House
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Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
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schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
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of them deposit the money in a bank
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to train new rural migrants in the
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Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
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ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
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Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
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Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
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agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
Page 250 and 251: evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
Page 252 and 253: Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255: Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
Page 258 and 259: migration are removed, all wage and
Page 260 and 261: urban-biased policies persisted, pr
Page 262 and 263: eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
Page 264 and 265: The institutional barriers faced by
Page 266 and 267: ecause of the rapid migration of th
Page 268 and 269: Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 270 and 271: ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
Page 272 and 273: Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
Page 275 and 276: 12International Migration and Devel
Page 277 and 278: 2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
Page 279 and 280: of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282: Given the size of recent emigration
Page 283 and 284: 5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
Page 285 and 286: interpret. Some of it may be caused
Page 287 and 288: 8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
Page 289 and 290: emittances in the year prior to the
Page 291 and 292: fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
Page 295 and 296: Massey, D.1988 “International mig
Page 297 and 298: AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
Page 299: Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
Page 303 and 304: Table 8. Logistic Regression Models
Page 305 and 306: 13Remittances in the Latin American
Page 307 and 308: to anti-money laundering and suspic
Page 309 and 310: Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
Page 311 and 312: has left from countries in Western
Page 313 and 314: Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
Page 315 and 316: Source: National Money Transmitters
Page 317 and 318: One way this redistributive effect
Page 319 and 320: Managua reported having a relative
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Page 323 and 324: Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
Page 325 and 326: Guyana offers an interesting exampl
Page 327 and 328: In addition to exports of these goo
Page 329 and 330: Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
Page 331 and 332: alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
Page 333 and 334: concentration is pronounced, innova
Page 335 and 336: emittance recipients have a higher
Page 337 and 338: AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
Page 339 and 340: Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
Page 341: 2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
Page 345 and 346: 14A Framework for Linking and Compa
Page 347 and 348: to jobs, savings, and networks that
Page 349 and 350: were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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