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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Vernon Henderson2002 “How migration restrictions limit agglomeration andproductivity in China,” National Bureau of EconomicResearch, Working Paper 8707.Cai, Fang2005a2005b“Is hukou system still important? – an explanation on paradoxof migration and income gap widening simultaneously,”Dynamics of Economics (Jingjixue Dongtai), 5.“Will labour shortage emerge in China – an analysis of newcharacteristics of the labour market,” In Liu, Guoguang,Luolin Wang, and Jingwen Li (eds.) Forecast on China’seconomy – Spring Report in 2005, Social Science DocumentsPublishing House.Cai, Fang, and Wang Dewen1999 “The sustainability of Chinas economic growth and Laborcontribution," Journal of Economic Research, 10.2003 Migration as marketization: What can we learn from Chinas2000 census data?” The China Review 3(2): 73-93.Cai, Fang, Dewen Wang and Yang Du2002 “Regional disparity and economic growth in China: Theimpact of labour market distortions,” China Economic Review13: 197-212.Chenery, Hollis, and R. Syrquin.2681975 Patterns of development: 1950-1970, Oxford Press.China Internet Information Center (CIIC)2003 “Over one-third rural laborers became workers of nonagriculturalsectors, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2004/Jan/484152.htm, accessed on June 21, 2004.
Chan, Kam Wing1994 Cities with invisible walls, Oxford University Press, HongKong.Chan, Kam Wing, and Li Zhang1999 “The hukou system and rural–urban migration in China:Processes and changes,” China Quarterly 160: December:818-55.Cook, Sarah1999 “Surplus labour and productivity in Chinese agriculture:Evidence from household survey data,” The Journal ofDevelopment Studies 35: 3: 16-44.Friedberg, M. Rachel, and Jennifer Hunt1995 “The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employmentand growth," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9: 2: 23-44.Gao, Yong2004 “Discussion on the issues of Chinese farmers with losing landduring urbanization," Economists, 1.Johnson, D. Gale1999 “Agricultural adjustment in China: The Taiwan experience andits implications,” Office of Agricultural Economics Research,The University of Chicago.Lees, Francis A.1997 China superpower: Requisites for high growth, St. Martin’sPress, New York.269
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
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3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
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producers are facing heavy losses a
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in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
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In conclusion, migration can bring
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is also being experienced in many r
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ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
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Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
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Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
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182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
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Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
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Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
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9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
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of households reported having at le
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Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
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migration tend to imitate the behav
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What is presented below is therefor
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ate of exchange and was thus sent t
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which was an important consideratio
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some migrants had started chitties,
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The extended family constituted a c
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much individuals had “locked up i
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edistribution were enforced through
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and the definition of status in eac
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perceived, the status-seeking activ
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Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
Page 219 and 220: Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Intro
Page 221 and 222: 10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
Page 223 and 224: in labor migration emerged after, a
Page 225 and 226: husband and wife, four daughters an
Page 227 and 228: (Table 3). In the central and weste
Page 229 and 230: Table 5. Composition of Rural House
Page 231 and 232: Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
Page 233 and 234: schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
Page 235 and 236: of them deposit the money in a bank
Page 237 and 238: to train new rural migrants in the
Page 239 and 240: Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
Page 241 and 242: ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
Page 243 and 244: Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
Page 245: Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
Page 248 and 249: agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
Page 250 and 251: evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
Page 252 and 253: Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255: Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
Page 258 and 259: migration are removed, all wage and
Page 260 and 261: urban-biased policies persisted, pr
Page 262 and 263: eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
Page 264 and 265: The institutional barriers faced by
Page 266 and 267: ecause of the rapid migration of th
Page 268 and 269: Migrant workers have hardly any opp
Page 272 and 273: Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
Page 275 and 276: 12International Migration and Devel
Page 277 and 278: 2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
Page 279 and 280: of remittances: self-employment, a
Page 281 and 282: Given the size of recent emigration
Page 283 and 284: 5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
Page 285 and 286: interpret. Some of it may be caused
Page 287 and 288: 8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
Page 289 and 290: emittances in the year prior to the
Page 291 and 292: fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
Page 295 and 296: Massey, D.1988 “International mig
Page 297 and 298: AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
Page 299 and 300: Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
Page 305 and 306: 13Remittances in the Latin American
Page 307 and 308: to anti-money laundering and suspic
Page 309 and 310: Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
Page 311 and 312: has left from countries in Western
Page 313 and 314: Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
Page 315 and 316: Source: National Money Transmitters
Page 317 and 318: One way this redistributive effect
Page 319 and 320: Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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