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Kurien, P. A.2002 Kaleidoscopic ethnicity: International migration and thereconstruction of community identities in India, RutgersUniversity Press, New Brunswick, NJ.Nair, P.R.G.1986 “Asian migration to the Arab world: Migration from Kerala,”Unpublished Report, Center for Development Studies,Trivandrum, Kerala.1987 “Incidence, impact and implications of migration: Migrationto the Middle East from Kerala, India,” Unpublished Report,Center for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala.1989 “Incidence, impact and implications of migration to theMiddle East from Kerala,” in A. Rashid (ed.), To the Gulf andback, ILO (ARTEP), New Delhi, pp. 343-364.1996. “Rehabilitation of return Gulf migrants in Kerala: Issuesand options,” paper presented at the conference on Kerala’sDevelopment Experience, National and Global Dimensions,December 9-11, New Delhi.Osella, F. and C. Osella2000 Social mobility in Kerala: Modernity and identity in conflict,Pluto Press, London.Owen, R.1985 Migrant labor in the Gulf, Minority Rights Group, London.Papademetriou, D.G. and P.L. Martin (Eds.),2161991 The unsettled relationship: Labor migration and economicdevelopment, Greenwood, Westport, CT.
Parry, J. and M. Bloch1989 “Introduction: Money and the morality of exchange,” inJ. Parry and M. Bloch (eds.), Money and the morality ofexchange, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp 1-32.Portes, A. and J. Sensenbrenner1993 “Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the socialdeterminants of economic action,” American Journal ofSociology 98(6): 1320-50.Prakash, B.A.1978 “Impact of foreign remittances: A case study of Chavakkadvillage in Kerala,” Economic and Political Weekly July: 1107-1111.1998 “Gulf migration and its economic impact: The Keralaexperience,” Economic and Political Weekly (Internet Edition)12 December.Prakash, B.A. (Ed.),1994 Kerala’s economy: Performance, problems and prospects,Sage Publications, New Delhi.Radhakrishnan, C., and P. Ibrahim1981 “Emigration, inward remittance and economic development,”The Manpower Journal 16(40): 15-52.Saith, Ashwani1992 “Absorbing external shocks: The Gulf crisis, internationalmigration linkages and the Indian economy, 1990 (withspecial reference to the impact on Kerala),” Development andChange 23(1): 101-46.217
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The opinions expressed in the repor
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Table of ContentsForeword1 Migratio
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Foreword
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UN recorded that 61 million migrant
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about this and other programmes. Se
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Introduction
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overseas ethnic markets; and the wa
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labor migration. This narrower topi
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narrowing income inequalities withi
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and 2004 has increased the urban po
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Connecting Internaland Internationa
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it comes to questions of migration
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internal and international migratio
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the larger cities. British ships we
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states. At present, as part of our
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36and one on international migratio
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perspective 3 that gives methodolog
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commercial, industrial and service
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taken place in migration flows. The
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to what was left of the original en
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sought refuge in Lima. It was not p
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husband who sought refuge and work
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that take place between migrants an
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to the flows of goods, resources an
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migration and close to Huancayo) or
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In some cases, families would regul
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Furthermore, the precise compositio
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This suggests that, instead of aimi
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Brynes, D.M.2003 Driving the State:
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1984 Miners, Peasants and Entrepren
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Werbner, P.1990 The Migration Proce
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Genealogy 1: Jiménez Family in 197
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Since the 1990s, there has been a b
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migrant receiving areas, 2 but focu
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well as discussing some of the cons
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carried to Ghana by migrants. 40 pe
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Table 2. Cost (in Euro) of Formal a
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home countries, for example, throug
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These insurance events can constitu
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Having people collect similar data
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people they knew. In fact, some of
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For migration research, this means
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ReferencesAppadurai, A.1996 Moderni
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Glick Schiller, N., and G. Fouron19
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Marcus, G.1995 “Ethnography in/of
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Portes, A., and J. DeWind2004 “A
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Stark, O., and D. Bloom1985 “The
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AppendixTable A.1. Two-country Tran
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initially entails high costs and ri
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To our knowledge, no study has esti
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2.1 Remittances and Income in Rural
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with its neat correspondence to the
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let z > 0 denote the predetermined
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Table 3. Gini Decomposition by Inco
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Table 4b. Gini Decomposition by Inc
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3.2 Effects of Migrant Remittances
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4. ConclusionsOur findings using na
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Knowles, J.C., and R.B. Anker1981
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Taylor, J.E.1992 “Remittances and
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124Table 2. Rural Mexico Household
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Central Region45Percentage of Villa
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128Figure 3. Relationship between P
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7Labor Market Flooding? Migrant Des
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Reibel (1997); David Card (2001); a
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The net immigration rate can be tak
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is S 0. It establishes an equilibri
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consequence a highly elastic supply
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in the populous fourteen states of
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out were both at work in this case
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Figure 7 identifies what we call
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Figure 9. Total Net In-Migration an
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Figure 10. Dynamic Economy ModelFig
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6. ConclusionThe dynamic and open e
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ReferencesAbowd, J.M., and R. Freem
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1999 “Historical perspectives on
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Hatton, T., and J.G. Williamson1998
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White, M.J. and Y. Imai1994 “The
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seasonal basis, to areas with more
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for agricultural labor were 15 and
Page 168 and 169: 3. Why People MoveThe decision to m
Page 170 and 171: producers are facing heavy losses a
Page 172 and 173: in Mumbai, which capitalizes on peo
Page 174 and 175: In conclusion, migration can bring
Page 176 and 177: is also being experienced in many r
Page 178 and 179: ReferencesBal Kumar, K.C.2003 “Mi
Page 180 and 181: Lipton, M.1980 “Migration from ru
Page 182 and 183: Shylendra, H.S., and P. Thomas1995
Page 184 and 185: 182Able-bodied men.Women migrateonl
Page 186 and 187: Majority of (ST)Baiga and Ghondsmig
Page 188 and 189: Single caste villageof (OBC) Dhimar
Page 191 and 192: 9A Socio-Cultural Perspective on Mi
Page 193 and 194: of households reported having at le
Page 195 and 196: Drawing on these perspectives, I ar
Page 197 and 198: migration tend to imitate the behav
Page 199 and 200: What is presented below is therefor
Page 201 and 202: ate of exchange and was thus sent t
Page 203 and 204: which was an important consideratio
Page 205 and 206: some migrants had started chitties,
Page 207 and 208: The extended family constituted a c
Page 209 and 210: much individuals had “locked up i
Page 211 and 212: edistribution were enforced through
Page 213 and 214: and the definition of status in eac
Page 215 and 216: perceived, the status-seeking activ
Page 217: Engelbrektsson, U.1978 The force of
Page 221 and 222: 10Migrant Workers’ Remittances an
Page 223 and 224: in labor migration emerged after, a
Page 225 and 226: husband and wife, four daughters an
Page 227 and 228: (Table 3). In the central and weste
Page 229 and 230: Table 5. Composition of Rural House
Page 231 and 232: Figure 3. Rural households’ Net I
Page 233 and 234: schistosomiasis, etc. This decline
Page 235 and 236: of them deposit the money in a bank
Page 237 and 238: to train new rural migrants in the
Page 239 and 240: Figure 4. Per Capita Temittance in
Page 241 and 242: ReferencesBai Nansheng et al.2002
Page 243 and 244: Lu Mai et al.2002 “Zhongguo nongc
Page 245: Xinhuanet2002 “Woguo Zhongxibu la
Page 248 and 249: agriculture (Cook 1999), producing
Page 250 and 251: evenue (MR) minus the marginal cost
Page 252 and 253: Before reform, the annual quota of
Page 254 and 255: Table 2 Regional Distribution of In
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. Sources of China’s Econ
Page 258 and 259: migration are removed, all wage and
Page 260 and 261: urban-biased policies persisted, pr
Page 262 and 263: eform. Under the hukou system, Chin
Page 264 and 265: The institutional barriers faced by
Page 266 and 267: ecause of the rapid migration of th
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Migrant workers have hardly any opp
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ReferencesAu, Chun-Chung, and Verno
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Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui
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12International Migration and Devel
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2. BackgroundThe recent rise in int
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of remittances: self-employment, a
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Given the size of recent emigration
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5. Remittances: An OverviewTable 1
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interpret. Some of it may be caused
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8. A Decision to Repatriate MoneyIn
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emittances in the year prior to the
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fourth one, Xiamen, is in Fujian Pr
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ReferencesAdelman, I., J.E. Taylor,
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Massey, D.1988 “International mig
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AppendixTable 1. Village-Level Remi
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Table 4. Logistic Regression Models
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13Remittances in the Latin American
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to anti-money laundering and suspic
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Finally, mulas may be sporadic trav
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has left from countries in Western
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Table 2: Remittances and Key Econom
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Source: National Money Transmitters
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One way this redistributive effect
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Managua reported having a relative
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America have a higher rate of havin
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Table 9 Frequency of Immigrant Trav
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Guyana offers an interesting exampl
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In addition to exports of these goo
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Hemisphere. Figure 7 refers to the
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alternatives. Five years ago, it wa
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concentration is pronounced, innova
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emittance recipients have a higher
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AppendixData Methodology on Pricing
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Fagen, P., and M. Bump2005 “Remit
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2003 Receptores de remesas en Ecuad
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14A Framework for Linking and Compa
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to jobs, savings, and networks that
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were expanding. That “flooding”
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ural families to repay debts, satis
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ut case studies, including that of
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would do well to examine how variou
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Carter and Sutch challenge the argu
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networks combine internal and inter
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4. Policy ImplicationsWhat implicat
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government should improve migrant w
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challenge for development practitio
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community members could help to cla
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itself). While research and analysi
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