The Ashkenazi Revolution

313Israel, then a part of Ottoman Empire, and advance Jewish settlement there,particularly agricultural. Most of them stayed away from politics.Magnes Judah Leon Magnes (July 5, 1877– October 27, 1948) was a prominent Reform rabbi in both the UnitedStates and Palestine. He is best remembered as a leader ofthe pacifist movement of the World War I period, and as one of the most widelyrecognized voices of 20th Century American Reform Judaism.MaimonidesMoses ben-Maimon,called Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn or Rambam (theHebrew acronym for "Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon"), was a preeminentmedieval Jewish philosopher and one of the greatest Torah scholars andphysicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Spain on Passover Eve,1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. Hewas a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.Marshall PetainHenri Philippe Benoni OmerJoseph Pétain (April 24,1856 – July 23,1951), generally known as PhilippePétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general whoreached the distinction of Marshal of France, and was later Chief of State of VichyFrance (Chef de l'État Français), from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.MapaiMapai (lit. Workers' Party of TheLand of Israel) was a left-wing political party in Israel, and was the dominantforce in Israeli politics until its merger into the Israeli Labor Party in 1968.Marrano This term came into use in 1492with the Castilian Alhambra Decree, reversing protections in the Treaty ofGranada (1491), and used for conversos, or 'confirmed converts', at first.However, soon Marranos was used for people who continued topractice Judaism secretly. Crypto Jews preserved their Jewish identity. InHebrew, forced converts were known as anusim, which means forcedones, though the term would also include those who did not retain theirJudaism. Katzenelson borrows the term to refer to Sephardic Jews whooutwardly pretend to owe their allegiance to the Jewish people, or Israel, asa whole – but secretly have loyalties to the Sephardic People.