Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice Toward a Positive ...

158 SELF-ESTEEM RESEARCH, THEORY, AND PRACTICEIn addition, it is likely that there are significant qualitative distinctionsbetween the end points of each range. Thus, if we use the halfwaypoint in any quadrant, which is identified by a +5 or a −5, then we canfollow the form of the DSM one step further and speak in terms of twodifferent subtypes or levels within each quadrant. Finally, it is importantto note that this further differentiation of the variety of ways in whichself-esteem is lived is consistent with the general structure of the phenomenon.As such, we should be able to place levels of self-esteem in thematrix, as well as basic types, which is accomplished in Figure 5.3. Ihave included all the major possibilities in one diagram instead of showingone quadrant at a time to demonstrate the consistency of the modelWorthiness-BasedSelf-Esteem+10, –10Worthiness+10High (Secure)Self-Esteem+10, +10NarcissisticAuthentic–5, +5 +5, +5ApprovalCenteredMediumCompetence –10 0+10NegativisticAchievementCentered–5, –5 –5, +5Classical LowAntisocial–10, –10 –10, +10–10LowSelf-EsteemCompetence-BasedSelf-EsteemFigure 5.3Self-Esteem Meaning Matrix with Basic Types and Levels.