Structural Concrete - Hassoun

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230 Chapter 6 Deflection and Control of Cracking 6.2.4 Moment of Inertia The moment of inertia, in addition to the modulus of elasticity, determines the stiffness of the flexural member. Under small loads, the produced maximum moment will be small, and the tension stresses at the extreme tension fibers will be less than the modulus of rupture of concrete; in this case, the gross transformed cracked section will be effective in providing the rigidity. At working loads or higher, flexural tension cracks are formed. At the cracked section, the position of the neutral axis is high, whereas at sections midway between cracks along the beam, the position of the neutral axis is lower (nearer to the tension steel). In both locations only the transformed cracked sections are effective in determining the stiffness of the member; therefore, the effective moment of inertia varies considerably along the span. At maximum bending moment, the concrete is cracked, and its portion in the tension zone is neglected in the calculations of moment of inertia. Near the points of inflection the stresses are low, and the entire section may be uncracked. For this situation and in the case of beams with variable depth, exact solutions are complicated. Figure 6.2a shows the load–deflection curve of a concrete beam tested to failure. The beam is a simply supported 17-ft span and loaded by two concentrated loads 5 ft apart, symmetrical about the centerline. The beam was subjected to two cycles of loading: In the first (curve cy 1), the load–deflection curve was a straight line up to a load P = 1.7 K when cracks started to occur in the beam. Line a represents the load–deflection relationship using a moment of inertia for the uncracked transformed section. It can be seen that the actual deflection of the beam under loads less than the cracking load, based on a homogeneous uncracked section, is very close to the calculated deflection (line a). Curve cy 1 represents the actual deflection curve when the load is increased to about one-half the maximum load. The slope of the curve, at any level of load, is less than the slope of line a because cracks developed, and the cracked part of the concrete section reduces the stiffness of the beam. The load was then released, and a residual deflection was observed at midspan. Once cracks developed, the assumption of uncracked section behavior under small loads did not hold. In the second cycle of loading, the deflection (curve c) increased at a rate greater than that of line a, because the resistance of the concrete tension fibers was lost. When the load was increased, the load–deflection relationship was represented by curve cy 2. If the load in the first cycle is increased up to the maximum load, curve cy 1 will take the path cy 2 at about 0.6 of the maximum load. Curve c represents the actual behavior of the beam for any additional loading or unloading cycles. Line b represents the load–deflection relationship based on a cracked transformed section; it can be seen that the deflection calculated on that basis differs from the actual deflection. Figure 6.2c shows the variation of the beam stiffness EI with an increase in moment. ACI Code, Section 24.2.3.5, presents an equation to determine the effective moment of inertia used in calculating deflection in flexural members. The effective moment of inertia given by the ACI Code (Eq. 24.2.3.5a) is based on the expression proposed by Branson [3] and calculated as follows: I e = ( Mcr M a ) 3 I g + [ 1 − ( Mcr M a ) 3 ] I cr ≤ I g (6.5) where I e is the effective moment of inertia, the cracking moment is given as ( ) fr l g M cr = Y t (6.6)
6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 231 (a) (b) (c) Figure 6.2 (a) Experimental and theoretical load–deflection curves for a beam of the section and load illustrated, (b) deflection of a reinforced concrete beam, and (c) variation of beam moment of inertia, I, with an increase in moment (E = const). BC is a transition curve between I g and I cr .
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Structural Concrete
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Portions of this publication reprod
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vi Contents 2.9 Shear Modulus 24 2.
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viii Contents 8 Design of Deep Beam
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x Contents 14.9 Design Requirements
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xii Contents 21.5 Circular Beam Sub
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xiv Preface 5. To explain the failu
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xvi Preface A companion Web site fo
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xviii Notation C c C m C r C s C t
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xx Notation M 1s Factored end momen
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xxii Notation ζ Parameter for eval
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xxiv Conversion Factors To Convert
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION Water Tower P
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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of
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1.6 Units of Measurement 5 A second
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1.7 Loads 7 Table 1.2 Density and S
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1.10 Structural Concrete Design 9 F
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1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 1
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References 13 Concrete bridge, Knox
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CHAPTER2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED C
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2.2 Compressive Strength 17 Table 2
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2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 19
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2.6 Shear Strength 21 The splitting
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2.8 Poisson’s Ratio 23 For practi
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2.12 Creep 25 3. Type, Amount, and
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2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkag
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2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 69 Det
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2.17 Lightweight Concrete 71 Castin
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 73 have pr
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 75 Table 2
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 77 Table 2
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References 79 Section 2.14 The unit
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Problems 81 2.10 Determine the modu
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CHAPTER3 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINF
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and S
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3.5 Load Factors 91 h c b d d t A s
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3.6 Strength Reduction Factor φ 93
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular S
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 109 accom
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 111 2. Ch
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3.12 Bundled Bars 113 2. Check ρ m
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3.13 Sections in the Transition Reg
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3.14 Rectangular Sections with Comp
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3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections
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3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 137 3
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3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tab
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3.20 Additional Examples 141 Soluti
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3.21 Examples Using SI Units 143 Fo
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Summary 145 SUMMARY Flowcharts for
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Summary 147 Note that (A s f y −
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Problems 149 3.2 Rectangular sectio
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Problems 151 Figure 3.41 Problem 3.
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4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tensi
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4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Co
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4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compr
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 169 3. Com
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 171 The de
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 173 A s Fi
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4.6 Additional Examples 175 Example
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4.6 Additional Examples 177 1.5 2.3
Page 207 and 208: 4.7 Examples Using SI Units 179 Sol
Page 209 and 210: Summary 181 SUMMARY Sections 4.1-4.
Page 211 and 212: Summary 183 There are two cases: Ca
Page 213 and 214: Problems 185 No. M u (K⋅ft) b (in
Page 215 and 216: Problems 187 Figure 4.17 Problem 4.
Page 217 and 218: 5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beam
Page 219 and 220: 5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear
Page 221 and 222: 5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength
Page 223 and 224: 5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
Page 225 and 226: 5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
Page 227 and 228: 5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requireme
Page 229 and 230: 5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 201
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Page 233 and 234: 5.8 Design Summary 205 5.8 DESIGN S
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Page 237 and 238: 5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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Page 241 and 242: 5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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Page 245 and 246: 5.11 Examples Using SI Units 217 M
Page 247 and 248: 5.11 Examples Using SI Units 219 Ta
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Page 251 and 252: Problems 223 3. R. C. Fenwick and T
Page 253 and 254: Problems 225 11.1 K/ft Figure 5.25
Page 255 and 256: 6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 227 Ta
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Page 261 and 262: 6.3 Long-Time Deflection 233 Then c
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Page 271 and 272: 6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 243
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Page 275 and 276: 6.7 ACI Code Requirements 247 have
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Page 281 and 282: References 253 2. Maximum crack wid
Page 283 and 284: Problems 255 Figure 6.13 Problem 6.
Page 285 and 286: CHAPTER7 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REIN
Page 287 and 288: 7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 25
Page 289 and 290: 7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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Page 293 and 294: 7.4 Development Length in Compressi
Page 295 and 296: 7.5 Summary for Computation of I d
Page 297 and 298: 7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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Page 305 and 306: 7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 277 Fi
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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Summary 285 Let A s = 0.018(10)(17)
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Problems 287 7. C. O. Orangum, J. O
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Problems 289 Figure 7.17 (33 kN/m).
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8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 291 D B D D
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8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a
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8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According
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8.6 Deep Members 303 This equation
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8.6 Deep Members 305 that cause cra
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8.6 Deep Members 307 P u = 768 K D
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8.6 Deep Members 309 Strut Nodal zo
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8.6 Deep Members 311 V u = 160 K CL
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8.6 Deep Members 313 Centroid of st
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8.6 Deep Members 315 2. Check if be
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8.6 Deep Members 317 9. Check ancho
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8.6 Deep Members 319 Pu = 766 K 6.0
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References 321 No. 9 bar @3.5" c/c
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Problems 323 11.3’ 11.3’ W LL W
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9.1 Types of Slabs 325 (a) (b) (c)
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9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 3
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9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 335
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 337
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References 339 One-way ribbed slab
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Problems 341 9.6 Repeat Problem 9.4
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10.2 Types of Columns 343 Figure 10
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10.4 ACI Code Limitations 345 (a) (
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10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 347 Table
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10.8 Long Columns 349 reinforced co
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10.8 Long Columns 351 3. Design of
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References 353 Section 10.5 Minimum
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Problems 355 Number f ′ c (ksi) P
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11.1 Introduction 357 B C H A A D V
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11.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagra
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11.4 Safety Provisions 361 11.4 SAF
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11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangula
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11.6 Column Sections under Eccentri
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.8 Strength of Columns for Compre
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Col
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.13 Design of Columns under Eccen
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11.14 Biaxial Bending 397 5 no. 10
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 403
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11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 4
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11.19 SI Example 411 3. Compute the
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Summary 413 SUMMARY Sections 11.1-1
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Problems 415 REFERENCES 1. B. Brest
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Problems 417 16 no. 10 bars Figure
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Problems 419 11.12 Repeat Problem 1
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12.2 Effective Column Length (Kl u
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12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 42
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12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 425 Long
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12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness
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12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method
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Summary 439 3. The value of K can b
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Problems 441 7. R. Green and J. E.
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CHAPTER13 FOOTINGS Office building
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13.2 Types of Footings 445 Vertical
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13.2 Types of Footings 447 Figure 1
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13.4 Design Considerations 449 Figu
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13.4 Design Considerations 451 This
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13.4 Design Considerations 453 c Co
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 459 th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 461 No
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 463 c
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 465 Th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 467 8'
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 469 14
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 471 Fi
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13.6 Combined Footings 473 Figure 1
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13.6 Combined Footings 475 (Assumed
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13.6 Combined Footings 477 16″ ×
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.10 Footings on Piles 483 13.9 SL
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Summary 485 V Required d = u (1000)
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Problems 487 Section 13.5 Plain con
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Problems 489 Table 13.3 Problem 13.
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14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 491 F
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.5 Effect of Surcharge 497 The ac
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14.7 Stability Against Overturning
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14.9 Design Requirements 501 Figure
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14.10 Drainage 503 Example 14.1 The
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14.10 Drainage 505 c. The flexural
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14.10 Drainage 507 Figure 14.12 Exa
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14.10 Drainage 509 The total resist
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14.10 Drainage 511 concrete on the
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14.11 Basement Walls 513 Figure 14.
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14.11 Basement Walls 515 No. 4 @ 12
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Summary 517 Figure 14.17 Example 14
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Problems 519 Figure 14.18 Problem 1
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Problems 521 the coefficient of fri
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CHAPTER15 DESIGN FOR TORSION Apartm
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 525 Figure
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 527 Table 1
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15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete
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15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
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15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures
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References 551 Equation U.S. Custom
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Problems 553 3 no. 9 Figure 15.17 P
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CHAPTER16 CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAM
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.3 Building Frames 561 2 no. 9 4
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16.4 Portal Frames 563 Figure 16.8
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 565 For
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 567 Fig
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 573 d.
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 575 Fro
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 577 iii
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16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 5
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16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 581 tra
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16.11 Limit Analysis 583 Example 16
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16.11 Limit Analysis 585 Figure 16.
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16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 58
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maxi
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Summary 605 A B C D E F Typical sec
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Problems 607 Table 16.1 gives the d
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 611 Fig
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 613 Fig
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17.4 Design Concepts 615 Slabonbeam
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17.4 Design Concepts 617 Figure 17.
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17.5 Column and Middle Strips 619 T
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 625 Fi
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 627 Fi
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17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by t
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17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
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(a) Figure 17.33 (a) Planofthewaffl
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 675 Table 17.12
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 677 (a) (b) M 0
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 679 Table 17.13
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 681 b
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 683 t
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 685 T
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 687 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 689 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 691 T
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Problems 693 Section 17.12 1. In th
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Problems 695 17.5 (Flat slabs) Use
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18.1 Introduction 697 Figure 18.1 P
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18.2 Types of Stairs 699 Figure 18.
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18.2 Types of Stairs 707 Free-stand
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18.2 Types of Stairs 711 For a symm
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18.3 Examples 713 2. The width of s
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18.3 Examples 715 Let d = 7.9 − 0
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18.3 Examples 717 1 no. 3 / step No
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18.3 Examples 719 6. The transverse
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Summary 721 3. Calculate the reinfo
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 725 Figur
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 727 f ′
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 729 Addin
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 731 may b
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 733 Figur
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19.2 Materials and Serviceability R
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 737 Table 19
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 739 and ( Fi
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 741 where P
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 743 2. Loss
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 745 4. Loss
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19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 7
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19.5 Design of Flexural Members 757
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19.6 Cracking Moment 763 The maximu
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19.7 Deflection 765 called camber.
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19.8 Design for Shear 767 The cambe
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19.8 Design for Shear 769 Figure 19
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19.8 Design for Shear 771 3. The mi
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19.8 Design for Shear 773 Use d p =
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19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestres
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 777 The co
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 779 Figure
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Summary 781 Section 19.5 The nomina
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Problems 783 27. Y. Guyon. Prestres
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Problems 785 b. Locate the tendons
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 787 20
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 789 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 791 Fi
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 795 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 803 St
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 805 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 807 The la
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 809 Step 5
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 811 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 813 Exampl
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 815 254 6
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 817 9. Det
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20.5 Special Requirements in Design
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Problems 857 20.5 Design the transv
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21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beam
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uni
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uni
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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Summary 885 Figure 21.12 Example 21
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CHAPTER22 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRID
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22.2 Typical Cross Sections 889 22.
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22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Sp
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.5 Gravity Loads 897 Table 22.10
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22.5 Gravity Loads 899 Design tande
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22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial
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22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)
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22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.
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22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 9
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CHAPTER23 REVIEW PROBLEMS ON CONCRE
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Review Problems on Concrete Buildin
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Design and Analysis Flowcharts 971
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Appendix A Design Tables (U.S. Cust
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1006 Appendix B Design Tables (SI U
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1014 Appendix C Structural Aids Tab
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1034 Index Beams (continued) stress
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1036 Index F Factored loads, 91 Fai
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1038 Index Seismic design (continue
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Structural Concrete - Hassoun

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