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246 Chapter 6 Deflection and Control of Cracking (a) (b) Figure 6.7 (a) Main cracks in a reinforced concrete beam. (b) Spacing of cracks in a reinforced concrete beam. suggested by many investigators, ranging from 0.010 to 0.016 in. (0.25 to 0.40 mm) for interior members and from 0.006 to 0.010 in. (0.15 to 0.25 mm) for exterior exposed members. A limiting crack width of 0.016 in. (0.40 mm) for interior members and 0.013 in. (0.32 mm) for exterior members under dry conditions can be tolerated. Crack Control. Control grows in importance with the use of high-strength steel in reinforced concrete members, as larger cracks develop under working loads because of the high allowable stresses. Control of cracking depends on the permissible crack width: It is always preferable to
6.7 ACI Code Requirements 247 have a large number of fine cracks rather than a small number of large cracks. Secondary cracks are minimized by controlling the total amount of cement paste, water–cement ratio, permeability of aggregate and concrete, rate of curing, shrinkage, and end-restraint conditions. The factors involved in controlling main cracks are the reinforcement stress, the bond characteristics of reinforcement, the distribution of reinforcement, the diameter of the steel bars used, the steel percentage, the concrete cover, and the properties of concrete constituents. Any improvement in these factors will help in reducing the width of cracks. 6.7 ACI CODE REQUIREMENTS To control cracks in reinforced concrete members, the ACI Code, Section 24.3, specifies the following: 1. Only deformed bars are permitted as main reinforcement. 2. Tension reinforcement should be well distributed in the zones of maximum tension (ACI Code, Sections 11.7.2.4 and 24.3.1). 3. When the flange of the section is under tension, part of the main reinforcement should be distributed over the effective flange width or one-tenth of the span, whichever smaller. If the effective flange width exceeds one-tenth the span, some longitudinal reinforcement has to be provided in the outer portion of the flange (ACI Code, Section 24.3.4). 4. The design yield strength of reinforcement should not exceed 80 ksi (560 MPa) (ACI Code, Section 20.2.2.4). 5. The maximum spacing s of reinforcement closest to a concrete surface in tension in reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs is limited to s(in.) = [ 15 ( 40 f s ) − 2.5C c ] but not greater than 12 (40/f s ), where f s = calculated stress (ksi) in reinforcement at service load computed as unfactored moment divided by product of steel area and internal moment arm, f s = M/(A s jd) (alternatively, f s = 2 f 3 y may be used; approximate value of jd = 0.87d may be used) C c = clear cover from nearest surface in tension to surface of flexural tension reinforcement (in.) s = center-to-center spacing of flexural tension reinforcement nearest extreme concrete tension face (in.) (6.17) The preceding limitations are applicable to reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs subject to normal environmental condition and do not apply to structures subjected to aggressive exposure. The spacing limitation just given is independent of the bar size, which may lead to the use of smaller bar sizes to satisfy the spacing criteria. For the case of concrete beams reinforced with grade 60 steel bars and C c = 2 in., clear cover to the tension face, the maximum spacing is calculated as follows: Assume f s = 2/3 f y = (2/3) × 60 = 40 ksi and ( 40 40 ) − 2.5 × 2 = 10 in. (controls), which is less than 12(40/40) = 12 in. s = 15 6. In SI units, Eq. 6.17 becomes s(mm) =105,000∕f s − 2.5C c (6.18)
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Structural Concrete
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Portions of this publication reprod
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vi Contents 2.9 Shear Modulus 24 2.
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viii Contents 8 Design of Deep Beam
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x Contents 14.9 Design Requirements
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xii Contents 21.5 Circular Beam Sub
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xiv Preface 5. To explain the failu
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xvi Preface A companion Web site fo
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xviii Notation C c C m C r C s C t
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xx Notation M 1s Factored end momen
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xxii Notation ζ Parameter for eval
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xxiv Conversion Factors To Convert
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION Water Tower P
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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of
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1.6 Units of Measurement 5 A second
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1.7 Loads 7 Table 1.2 Density and S
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1.10 Structural Concrete Design 9 F
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1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 1
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References 13 Concrete bridge, Knox
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CHAPTER2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED C
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2.2 Compressive Strength 17 Table 2
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2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 19
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2.6 Shear Strength 21 The splitting
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2.8 Poisson’s Ratio 23 For practi
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2.12 Creep 25 3. Type, Amount, and
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2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkag
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2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 69 Det
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2.17 Lightweight Concrete 71 Castin
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 73 have pr
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 75 Table 2
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 77 Table 2
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References 79 Section 2.14 The unit
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Problems 81 2.10 Determine the modu
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CHAPTER3 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINF
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and S
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3.5 Load Factors 91 h c b d d t A s
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3.6 Strength Reduction Factor φ 93
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular S
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 109 accom
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 111 2. Ch
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3.12 Bundled Bars 113 2. Check ρ m
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3.13 Sections in the Transition Reg
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3.14 Rectangular Sections with Comp
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3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections
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3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 137 3
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3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tab
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3.20 Additional Examples 141 Soluti
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3.21 Examples Using SI Units 143 Fo
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Summary 145 SUMMARY Flowcharts for
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Summary 147 Note that (A s f y −
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Problems 149 3.2 Rectangular sectio
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Problems 151 Figure 3.41 Problem 3.
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4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tensi
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4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Co
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4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compr
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 169 3. Com
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 171 The de
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 173 A s Fi
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4.6 Additional Examples 175 Example
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4.6 Additional Examples 177 1.5 2.3
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4.7 Examples Using SI Units 179 Sol
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Summary 181 SUMMARY Sections 4.1-4.
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Summary 183 There are two cases: Ca
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Problems 185 No. M u (K⋅ft) b (in
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Problems 187 Figure 4.17 Problem 4.
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5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beam
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5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear
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5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength
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Page 227 and 228: 5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requireme
Page 229 and 230: 5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 201
Page 231 and 232: 5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 203
Page 233 and 234: 5.8 Design Summary 205 5.8 DESIGN S
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Page 237 and 238: 5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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Page 241 and 242: 5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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Page 245 and 246: 5.11 Examples Using SI Units 217 M
Page 247 and 248: 5.11 Examples Using SI Units 219 Ta
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Page 251 and 252: Problems 223 3. R. C. Fenwick and T
Page 253 and 254: Problems 225 11.1 K/ft Figure 5.25
Page 255 and 256: 6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 227 Ta
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Page 259 and 260: 6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 231 (a
Page 261 and 262: 6.3 Long-Time Deflection 233 Then c
Page 263 and 264: 6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations
Page 271 and 272: 6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 243
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Page 277 and 278: 6.7 ACI Code Requirements 249 Check
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Page 281 and 282: References 253 2. Maximum crack wid
Page 283 and 284: Problems 255 Figure 6.13 Problem 6.
Page 285 and 286: CHAPTER7 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REIN
Page 287 and 288: 7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 25
Page 289 and 290: 7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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Page 295 and 296: 7.5 Summary for Computation of I d
Page 297 and 298: 7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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Page 301 and 302: 7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Secti
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Page 305 and 306: 7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 277 Fi
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Page 309 and 310: 7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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Page 313 and 314: Summary 285 Let A s = 0.018(10)(17)
Page 315 and 316: Problems 287 7. C. O. Orangum, J. O
Page 317 and 318: Problems 289 Figure 7.17 (33 kN/m).
Page 319 and 320: 8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 291 D B D D
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8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a
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8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a
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8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According
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8.6 Deep Members 303 This equation
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8.6 Deep Members 305 that cause cra
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8.6 Deep Members 307 P u = 768 K D
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8.6 Deep Members 309 Strut Nodal zo
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8.6 Deep Members 311 V u = 160 K CL
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8.6 Deep Members 313 Centroid of st
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8.6 Deep Members 315 2. Check if be
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8.6 Deep Members 317 9. Check ancho
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8.6 Deep Members 319 Pu = 766 K 6.0
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References 321 No. 9 bar @3.5" c/c
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Problems 323 11.3’ 11.3’ W LL W
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9.1 Types of Slabs 325 (a) (b) (c)
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9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 3
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9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 335
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 337
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References 339 One-way ribbed slab
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Problems 341 9.6 Repeat Problem 9.4
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10.2 Types of Columns 343 Figure 10
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10.4 ACI Code Limitations 345 (a) (
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10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 347 Table
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10.8 Long Columns 349 reinforced co
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10.8 Long Columns 351 3. Design of
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References 353 Section 10.5 Minimum
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Problems 355 Number f ′ c (ksi) P
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11.1 Introduction 357 B C H A A D V
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11.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagra
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11.4 Safety Provisions 361 11.4 SAF
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11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangula
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11.6 Column Sections under Eccentri
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.8 Strength of Columns for Compre
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Col
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.13 Design of Columns under Eccen
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11.14 Biaxial Bending 397 5 no. 10
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 403
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11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 4
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11.19 SI Example 411 3. Compute the
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Summary 413 SUMMARY Sections 11.1-1
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Problems 415 REFERENCES 1. B. Brest
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Problems 417 16 no. 10 bars Figure
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Problems 419 11.12 Repeat Problem 1
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12.2 Effective Column Length (Kl u
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12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 42
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12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 425 Long
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12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness
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12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method
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Summary 439 3. The value of K can b
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Problems 441 7. R. Green and J. E.
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CHAPTER13 FOOTINGS Office building
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13.2 Types of Footings 445 Vertical
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13.2 Types of Footings 447 Figure 1
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13.4 Design Considerations 449 Figu
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13.4 Design Considerations 451 This
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13.4 Design Considerations 453 c Co
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 459 th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 461 No
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 463 c
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 465 Th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 467 8'
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 469 14
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 471 Fi
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13.6 Combined Footings 473 Figure 1
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13.6 Combined Footings 475 (Assumed
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13.6 Combined Footings 477 16″ ×
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.10 Footings on Piles 483 13.9 SL
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Summary 485 V Required d = u (1000)
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Problems 487 Section 13.5 Plain con
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Problems 489 Table 13.3 Problem 13.
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14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 491 F
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.5 Effect of Surcharge 497 The ac
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14.7 Stability Against Overturning
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14.9 Design Requirements 501 Figure
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14.10 Drainage 503 Example 14.1 The
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14.10 Drainage 505 c. The flexural
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14.10 Drainage 507 Figure 14.12 Exa
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14.10 Drainage 509 The total resist
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14.10 Drainage 511 concrete on the
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14.11 Basement Walls 513 Figure 14.
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14.11 Basement Walls 515 No. 4 @ 12
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Summary 517 Figure 14.17 Example 14
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Problems 519 Figure 14.18 Problem 1
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Problems 521 the coefficient of fri
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CHAPTER15 DESIGN FOR TORSION Apartm
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 525 Figure
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 527 Table 1
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15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete
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15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
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15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures
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References 551 Equation U.S. Custom
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Problems 553 3 no. 9 Figure 15.17 P
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CHAPTER16 CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAM
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.3 Building Frames 561 2 no. 9 4
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16.4 Portal Frames 563 Figure 16.8
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 565 For
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 567 Fig
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 573 d.
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 575 Fro
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 577 iii
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16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 5
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16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 581 tra
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16.11 Limit Analysis 583 Example 16
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16.11 Limit Analysis 585 Figure 16.
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16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 58
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maxi
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Summary 605 A B C D E F Typical sec
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Problems 607 Table 16.1 gives the d
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 611 Fig
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 613 Fig
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17.4 Design Concepts 615 Slabonbeam
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17.4 Design Concepts 617 Figure 17.
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17.5 Column and Middle Strips 619 T
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 625 Fi
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 627 Fi
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17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by t
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17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
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(a) Figure 17.33 (a) Planofthewaffl
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 675 Table 17.12
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 677 (a) (b) M 0
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 679 Table 17.13
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 681 b
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 683 t
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 685 T
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 687 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 689 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 691 T
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Problems 693 Section 17.12 1. In th
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Problems 695 17.5 (Flat slabs) Use
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18.1 Introduction 697 Figure 18.1 P
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18.2 Types of Stairs 699 Figure 18.
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18.2 Types of Stairs 707 Free-stand
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18.2 Types of Stairs 711 For a symm
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18.3 Examples 713 2. The width of s
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18.3 Examples 715 Let d = 7.9 − 0
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18.3 Examples 717 1 no. 3 / step No
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18.3 Examples 719 6. The transverse
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Summary 721 3. Calculate the reinfo
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 725 Figur
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 727 f ′
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 729 Addin
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 731 may b
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 733 Figur
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19.2 Materials and Serviceability R
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 737 Table 19
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 739 and ( Fi
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 741 where P
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 743 2. Loss
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 745 4. Loss
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19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 7
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19.5 Design of Flexural Members 757
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19.6 Cracking Moment 763 The maximu
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19.7 Deflection 765 called camber.
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19.8 Design for Shear 767 The cambe
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19.8 Design for Shear 769 Figure 19
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19.8 Design for Shear 771 3. The mi
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19.8 Design for Shear 773 Use d p =
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19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestres
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 777 The co
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 779 Figure
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Summary 781 Section 19.5 The nomina
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Problems 783 27. Y. Guyon. Prestres
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Problems 785 b. Locate the tendons
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 787 20
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 789 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 791 Fi
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 795 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 803 St
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 805 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 807 The la
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 809 Step 5
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 811 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 813 Exampl
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 815 254 6
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 817 9. Det
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20.5 Special Requirements in Design
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Problems 857 20.5 Design the transv
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21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beam
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uni
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uni
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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Summary 885 Figure 21.12 Example 21
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CHAPTER22 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRID
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22.2 Typical Cross Sections 889 22.
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22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Sp
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.5 Gravity Loads 897 Table 22.10
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22.5 Gravity Loads 899 Design tande
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22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial
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22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)
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22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.
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22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 9
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CHAPTER23 REVIEW PROBLEMS ON CONCRE
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Review Problems on Concrete Buildin
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Design and Analysis Flowcharts 971
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Appendix A Design Tables (U.S. Cust
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1006 Appendix B Design Tables (SI U
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1014 Appendix C Structural Aids Tab
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1034 Index Beams (continued) stress
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1036 Index F Factored loads, 91 Fai
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1038 Index Seismic design (continue
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Structural Concrete - Hassoun

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