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CHAPTER12 SLENDER COLUMNS Columns in a high-rise building. 12.1 INTRODUCTION 420 In the analysis and design of short columns discussed in the previous two chapters, it was assumed that buckling, elastic shortening, and secondary moment due to lateral deflection had minimal effect on the ultimate strength of the column; thus, these factors were not included in the design procedure. However, when the column is long, these factors must be considered. The extra length will cause a reduction in the column strength that varies with the column effective height, width of the section, the slenderness ratio, and the column end conditions. A column with a high slenderness ratio will have a considerable reduction in strength, whereas a low slenderness ratio means that the column is relatively short and the reduction in strength may
12.2 Effective Column Length (Kl u ) 421 Figure 12.1 Rectangular and circular sections of columns, with radius of gyration r. not be significant. The slenderness ratio is the ratio of the column height, l, to the radius of gyration, r,wherer = √ I∕A, I being the moment of inertia of the section and A the sectional area. For a rectangular section of width b and depth h (Fig. 12.1), I x = bh 3 /12 and A = bh. Therefore, r x = √ I∕A= 0.288h (or, approximately, r x = 0.3h). Similarly, I y = hb 3 /12 and r y = 0.288b (or, approximately, 0.3b). For a circular column with diameter D, I x = I y = πD 2 /64 and A = πD 2 /4; therefore, r x = r y = 0.25D. In general, columns may be considered as follows: 1. Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio, where lateral bracing or shear walls are required. 2. Long with a medium slenderness ratio that causes a reduction in the column strength. Lateral bracing may not be required, but strength reduction must be considered. 3. Short where the slenderness ratio is relatively small, causing a slight reduction in strength. This reduction may be neglected, as discussed in previous chapters. 12.2 EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH (KL U ) The slenderness ratio l/r can be calculated accurately when the effective length of the column (Kl u ) is used. This effective length is a function of two main factors: 1. The unsupported length, l u , represents the unsupported height of the column between two floors. It is measured as the clear distance between slabs, beams, or any structural member providing lateral support to the column. In a flat slab system with column capitals, the unsupported height of the column is measured from the top of the lower floor slab to the bottom of the column capital. If the column is supported with a deeper beam in one direction than in the other direction, l u should be calculated in both directions (about the x and y axes) of the column section. The critical (greater) value must be considered in the design. 2. The effective length factor, K, represents the ratio of the distance between points of zero moment in the column and the unsupported height of the column in one direction. For example, if the unsupported length of a column hinged at both ends, on which sidesway is prevented, is l u , the points of zero moment will be at the top and bottom of the column—that
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Structural Concrete
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Portions of this publication reprod
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vi Contents 2.9 Shear Modulus 24 2.
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viii Contents 8 Design of Deep Beam
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x Contents 14.9 Design Requirements
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xii Contents 21.5 Circular Beam Sub
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xiv Preface 5. To explain the failu
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xvi Preface A companion Web site fo
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xviii Notation C c C m C r C s C t
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xx Notation M 1s Factored end momen
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xxii Notation ζ Parameter for eval
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xxiv Conversion Factors To Convert
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION Water Tower P
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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of
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1.6 Units of Measurement 5 A second
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1.7 Loads 7 Table 1.2 Density and S
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1.10 Structural Concrete Design 9 F
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1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 1
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References 13 Concrete bridge, Knox
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CHAPTER2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED C
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2.2 Compressive Strength 17 Table 2
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2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 19
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2.6 Shear Strength 21 The splitting
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2.8 Poisson’s Ratio 23 For practi
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2.12 Creep 25 3. Type, Amount, and
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2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkag
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2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 69 Det
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2.17 Lightweight Concrete 71 Castin
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 73 have pr
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 75 Table 2
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 77 Table 2
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References 79 Section 2.14 The unit
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Problems 81 2.10 Determine the modu
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CHAPTER3 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINF
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and S
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3.5 Load Factors 91 h c b d d t A s
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3.6 Strength Reduction Factor φ 93
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular S
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 109 accom
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 111 2. Ch
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3.12 Bundled Bars 113 2. Check ρ m
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3.13 Sections in the Transition Reg
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3.14 Rectangular Sections with Comp
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3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections
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3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 137 3
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3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tab
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3.20 Additional Examples 141 Soluti
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3.21 Examples Using SI Units 143 Fo
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Summary 145 SUMMARY Flowcharts for
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Summary 147 Note that (A s f y −
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Problems 149 3.2 Rectangular sectio
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Problems 151 Figure 3.41 Problem 3.
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4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tensi
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4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Co
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4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compr
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 169 3. Com
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 171 The de
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 173 A s Fi
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4.6 Additional Examples 175 Example
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4.6 Additional Examples 177 1.5 2.3
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4.7 Examples Using SI Units 179 Sol
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Summary 181 SUMMARY Sections 4.1-4.
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Summary 183 There are two cases: Ca
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Problems 185 No. M u (K⋅ft) b (in
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5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beam
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5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear
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5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength
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5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
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5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
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5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requireme
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5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 201
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5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 203
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5.8 Design Summary 205 5.8 DESIGN S
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5.8 Design Summary 207 Choose no. 3
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5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 217 M
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 219 Ta
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 221 5.
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Problems 223 3. R. C. Fenwick and T
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Problems 225 11.1 K/ft Figure 5.25
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 227 Ta
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 229 wh
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 231 (a
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6.3 Long-Time Deflection 233 Then c
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6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations
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6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 243
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6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 245
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 247 have
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 249 Check
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 251 Choos
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References 253 2. Maximum crack wid
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CHAPTER7 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REIN
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7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 25
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7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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7.4 Development Length in Compressi
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7.5 Summary for Computation of I d
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7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Secti
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7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Secti
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7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 277 Fi
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7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 279 So
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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Summary 285 Let A s = 0.018(10)(17)
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Problems 287 7. C. O. Orangum, J. O
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Problems 289 Figure 7.17 (33 kN/m).
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8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 291 D B D D
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8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a
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8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According
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8.6 Deep Members 303 This equation
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8.6 Deep Members 305 that cause cra
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8.6 Deep Members 307 P u = 768 K D
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8.6 Deep Members 309 Strut Nodal zo
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8.6 Deep Members 311 V u = 160 K CL
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8.6 Deep Members 313 Centroid of st
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8.6 Deep Members 315 2. Check if be
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8.6 Deep Members 317 9. Check ancho
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8.6 Deep Members 319 Pu = 766 K 6.0
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References 321 No. 9 bar @3.5" c/c
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Problems 323 11.3’ 11.3’ W LL W
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9.1 Types of Slabs 325 (a) (b) (c)
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9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 3
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9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 335
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 337
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References 339 One-way ribbed slab
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Problems 341 9.6 Repeat Problem 9.4
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10.2 Types of Columns 343 Figure 10
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10.4 ACI Code Limitations 345 (a) (
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10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 347 Table
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10.8 Long Columns 349 reinforced co
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10.8 Long Columns 351 3. Design of
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References 353 Section 10.5 Minimum
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Problems 355 Number f ′ c (ksi) P
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11.1 Introduction 357 B C H A A D V
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11.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagra
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11.4 Safety Provisions 361 11.4 SAF
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11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangula
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11.6 Column Sections under Eccentri
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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Page 431 and 432: 11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 403
Page 437 and 438: 11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 4
Page 439 and 440: 11.19 SI Example 411 3. Compute the
Page 441 and 442: Summary 413 SUMMARY Sections 11.1-1
Page 443 and 444: Problems 415 REFERENCES 1. B. Brest
Page 445 and 446: Problems 417 16 no. 10 bars Figure
Page 447: Problems 419 11.12 Repeat Problem 1
Page 451 and 452: 12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 42
Page 453 and 454: 12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 425 Long
Page 455 and 456: 12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness
Page 457 and 458: 12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method
Page 467 and 468: Summary 439 3. The value of K can b
Page 469 and 470: Problems 441 7. R. Green and J. E.
Page 471 and 472: CHAPTER13 FOOTINGS Office building
Page 473 and 474: 13.2 Types of Footings 445 Vertical
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 471 Fi
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13.6 Combined Footings 473 Figure 1
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13.6 Combined Footings 475 (Assumed
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13.6 Combined Footings 477 16″ ×
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.10 Footings on Piles 483 13.9 SL
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Summary 485 V Required d = u (1000)
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Problems 487 Section 13.5 Plain con
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Problems 489 Table 13.3 Problem 13.
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14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 491 F
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.5 Effect of Surcharge 497 The ac
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14.7 Stability Against Overturning
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14.9 Design Requirements 501 Figure
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14.10 Drainage 503 Example 14.1 The
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14.10 Drainage 505 c. The flexural
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14.10 Drainage 507 Figure 14.12 Exa
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14.10 Drainage 509 The total resist
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14.10 Drainage 511 concrete on the
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14.11 Basement Walls 513 Figure 14.
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14.11 Basement Walls 515 No. 4 @ 12
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Summary 517 Figure 14.17 Example 14
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Problems 519 Figure 14.18 Problem 1
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Problems 521 the coefficient of fri
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CHAPTER15 DESIGN FOR TORSION Apartm
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 525 Figure
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 527 Table 1
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15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete
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15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
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15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures
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References 551 Equation U.S. Custom
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Problems 553 3 no. 9 Figure 15.17 P
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CHAPTER16 CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAM
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.3 Building Frames 561 2 no. 9 4
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16.4 Portal Frames 563 Figure 16.8
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 565 For
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 567 Fig
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 573 d.
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 575 Fro
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 577 iii
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16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 5
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16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 581 tra
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16.11 Limit Analysis 583 Example 16
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16.11 Limit Analysis 585 Figure 16.
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16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 58
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maxi
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Summary 605 A B C D E F Typical sec
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Problems 607 Table 16.1 gives the d
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 611 Fig
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 613 Fig
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17.4 Design Concepts 615 Slabonbeam
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17.4 Design Concepts 617 Figure 17.
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17.5 Column and Middle Strips 619 T
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 625 Fi
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 627 Fi
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17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by t
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17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
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(a) Figure 17.33 (a) Planofthewaffl
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 675 Table 17.12
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 677 (a) (b) M 0
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 679 Table 17.13
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 681 b
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 683 t
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 685 T
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 687 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 689 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 691 T
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Problems 693 Section 17.12 1. In th
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Problems 695 17.5 (Flat slabs) Use
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18.1 Introduction 697 Figure 18.1 P
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18.2 Types of Stairs 699 Figure 18.
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18.2 Types of Stairs 707 Free-stand
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18.2 Types of Stairs 711 For a symm
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18.3 Examples 713 2. The width of s
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18.3 Examples 715 Let d = 7.9 − 0
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18.3 Examples 717 1 no. 3 / step No
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18.3 Examples 719 6. The transverse
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Summary 721 3. Calculate the reinfo
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 725 Figur
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 727 f ′
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 729 Addin
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 731 may b
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 733 Figur
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19.2 Materials and Serviceability R
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 737 Table 19
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 739 and ( Fi
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 741 where P
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 743 2. Loss
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 745 4. Loss
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19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 7
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19.5 Design of Flexural Members 757
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19.6 Cracking Moment 763 The maximu
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19.7 Deflection 765 called camber.
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19.8 Design for Shear 767 The cambe
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19.8 Design for Shear 769 Figure 19
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19.8 Design for Shear 771 3. The mi
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19.8 Design for Shear 773 Use d p =
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19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestres
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 777 The co
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 779 Figure
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Summary 781 Section 19.5 The nomina
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Problems 783 27. Y. Guyon. Prestres
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Problems 785 b. Locate the tendons
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 787 20
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 789 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 791 Fi
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 795 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 803 St
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 805 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 807 The la
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 809 Step 5
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 811 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 813 Exampl
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 815 254 6
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 817 9. Det
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20.5 Special Requirements in Design
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Problems 857 20.5 Design the transv
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21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beam
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
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21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uni
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
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21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uni
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
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Summary 885 Figure 21.12 Example 21
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CHAPTER22 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRID
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22.2 Typical Cross Sections 889 22.
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22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Sp
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
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22.5 Gravity Loads 897 Table 22.10
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22.5 Gravity Loads 899 Design tande
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22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial
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22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)
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22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.
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22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 9
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CHAPTER23 REVIEW PROBLEMS ON CONCRE
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Review Problems on Concrete Buildin
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Design and Analysis Flowcharts 971
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Appendix A Design Tables (U.S. Cust
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1006 Appendix B Design Tables (SI U
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1014 Appendix C Structural Aids Tab
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1034 Index Beams (continued) stress
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1036 Index F Factored loads, 91 Fai
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1038 Index Seismic design (continue
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Structural Concrete - Hassoun

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