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888 Chapter 22 Prestressed <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridge Design 22.2 TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS Typical cross sections of precast prestressed girders commonly used for short- and medium-span bridges have been developed and standardized by AASHTO and PCI for highway bridges. The dimensions, sectional properties, and span range of these standard AASHTO-PCI girders are introduced in this section. 22.2.1 AASHTO Solid and Voided Slab Beams Solid and voided slab beams (Fig. 22.1) are typically used for short-span bridges ranging up to 55 ft based on simple span, HS-25 (highway semitrailer with the first two axles weighing 25 tons) loading and f ′ c = 7000 psi. Dimensions and properties of AASHTO solid and voided slab beams are given in Tables 22.1 and 22.2, respectively. L L1 L2 L2 L1 H LC Figure 22.1 Cross section of AASHTO solid and voided slab beams. Table 22.1 Dimensions (inches) of AASHTO Solid and Voided Slab Type L H L1 L2 No. of Voids D1 D2 SI-36 36 12 — — 0 — — SII-36 36 15 10.5 7.5 2 8 — SIII-36 36 18 10.5 7.5 2 10 — SIV-36 36 21 10.0 8.0 2 12 — SI-48 48 12 — — 0 — — SII-48 48 15 10.0 14.0 3 8 8 SIII-48 48 18 9.5 14.5 3 10 10 SIV-48 48 21 10.0 14.0 3 12 10 Table 22.2 Properties of AASHTO Solid and Voided Slab Type Area (in. 2 ) Y bottom (in.) Inertia (in. 4 ) Weight (kip/ft) Max. Span (ft) SI-36 432 6.0 5,184 0.450 40 SII-36 439 7.5 9,725 0.457 47 SIII-36 491 9.0 16,514 0.511 52 SIV-36 530 10.5 25,747 0.552 57 SI-48 576 6.0 6,912 0.600 42 SII-48 569 7.5 12,897 0.593 49 SIII-48 628 9.0 21,855 0.654 53 SIV-48 703 10.5 34,517 0.732 57
22.2 Typical Cross Sections 889 22.2.2 AASHTO Box Beams Box beams (Fig. 22.2) are typically used for short- to medium-span bridges ranging up to 125 ft based on simple span, HS-25 loading, and f ′ c = 7000 psi. Dimensions of AASHTO box beams are given in Table 22.3 and properties are given in Table 22.4. 22.2.3 AASHTO I-Beams I-beams (Fig. 22.3) are the most common composite bridge deck in the United States, typically used for medium-span bridges ranging up to 170 ft based on simple span, HS-25 loading, and f ′ c = 7000 psi. Dimensions and properties of I-beams are shown in Tables 22.5 and 22.6, respectively. 5” W 5.5” H 3” 5.5” 3” Figure 22.2 Cross section of AASHTO box beams. Table 22.3 Dimensions (in.) of AASHTO Box Beams Type W H BI-36 36 27 BI-48 48 27 BII-36 36 33 BII-48 48 33 BIII-36 36 39 BIII-48 48 39 BIV-36 36 42 BIV-48 48 42 Table 22.4 Properties of AASHTO Box Beams Type Area (in. 2 ) Y bottom (in.) Inertia (in. 4 ) Weight (kip/ft) Max. Span (ft) BI-36 560.5 13.35 50,334 0.584 92 BI-48 692.5 13.37 65,941 0.721 92 BII-36 620.5 16.29 85,153 0.646 107 BII-48 752.5 16.33 110,499 0.784 108 BIII-36 680.5 19.25 131,145 0.709 120 BIII-48 812.5 19.29 168,367 0.846 125 BIV-36 710.5 20.73 158,644 0.740 124 BIV-48 842.5 20.78 203,088 0.878 127
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Structural Concrete
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Portions of this publication reprod
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vi Contents 2.9 Shear Modulus 24 2.
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viii Contents 8 Design of Deep Beam
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x Contents 14.9 Design Requirements
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xii Contents 21.5 Circular Beam Sub
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xiv Preface 5. To explain the failu
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xvi Preface A companion Web site fo
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xviii Notation C c C m C r C s C t
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xx Notation M 1s Factored end momen
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xxii Notation ζ Parameter for eval
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xxiv Conversion Factors To Convert
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION Water Tower P
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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of
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1.6 Units of Measurement 5 A second
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1.7 Loads 7 Table 1.2 Density and S
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1.10 Structural Concrete Design 9 F
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1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 1
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References 13 Concrete bridge, Knox
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CHAPTER2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED C
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2.2 Compressive Strength 17 Table 2
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2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 19
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2.6 Shear Strength 21 The splitting
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2.8 Poisson’s Ratio 23 For practi
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2.12 Creep 25 3. Type, Amount, and
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2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkag
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2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 69 Det
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2.17 Lightweight Concrete 71 Castin
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 73 have pr
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 75 Table 2
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2.19 Steel Reinforcement 77 Table 2
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References 79 Section 2.14 The unit
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Problems 81 2.10 Determine the modu
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CHAPTER3 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINF
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Re
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3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and S
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3.5 Load Factors 91 h c b d d t A s
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3.6 Strength Reduction Factor φ 93
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress D
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3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular S
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 109 accom
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3.11 Adequacy of Sections 111 2. Ch
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3.12 Bundled Bars 113 2. Check ρ m
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3.13 Sections in the Transition Reg
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3.14 Rectangular Sections with Comp
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3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections
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3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 137 3
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3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tab
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3.20 Additional Examples 141 Soluti
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3.21 Examples Using SI Units 143 Fo
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Summary 145 SUMMARY Flowcharts for
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Summary 147 Note that (A s f y −
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Problems 149 3.2 Rectangular sectio
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Problems 151 Figure 3.41 Problem 3.
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4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tensi
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4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Co
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4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compr
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 169 3. Com
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 171 The de
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4.5 Design of T-Sections 173 A s Fi
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4.6 Additional Examples 175 Example
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4.6 Additional Examples 177 1.5 2.3
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4.7 Examples Using SI Units 179 Sol
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Summary 181 SUMMARY Sections 4.1-4.
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Summary 183 There are two cases: Ca
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Problems 185 No. M u (K⋅ft) b (in
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5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beam
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5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear
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5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength
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5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
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5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement
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5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requireme
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5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 201
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5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 203
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5.8 Design Summary 205 5.8 DESIGN S
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5.8 Design Summary 207 Choose no. 3
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5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 2
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5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of V
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 217 M
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 219 Ta
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5.11 Examples Using SI Units 221 5.
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Problems 223 3. R. C. Fenwick and T
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Problems 225 11.1 K/ft Figure 5.25
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 227 Ta
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 229 wh
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6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 231 (a
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6.3 Long-Time Deflection 233 Then c
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6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations
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6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 243
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6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 245
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 247 have
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 249 Check
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6.7 ACI Code Requirements 251 Choos
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References 253 2. Maximum crack wid
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CHAPTER7 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REIN
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7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 25
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7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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7.3 Development Length in Tension 2
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7.4 Development Length in Compressi
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7.5 Summary for Computation of I d
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7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural M
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7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Secti
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7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Secti
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7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 277 Fi
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7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 279 So
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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7.9 Moment-Resistance Diagram (Bar
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Summary 285 Let A s = 0.018(10)(17)
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Problems 287 7. C. O. Orangum, J. O
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Problems 289 Figure 7.17 (33 kN/m).
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8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 291 D B D D
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8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a
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8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According
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8.6 Deep Members 303 This equation
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8.6 Deep Members 305 that cause cra
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8.6 Deep Members 307 P u = 768 K D
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8.6 Deep Members 309 Strut Nodal zo
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8.6 Deep Members 311 V u = 160 K CL
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8.6 Deep Members 313 Centroid of st
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8.6 Deep Members 315 2. Check if be
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8.6 Deep Members 317 9. Check ancho
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8.6 Deep Members 319 Pu = 766 K 6.0
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References 321 No. 9 bar @3.5" c/c
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Problems 323 11.3’ 11.3’ W LL W
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9.1 Types of Slabs 325 (a) (b) (c)
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9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 3
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9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 335
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9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 337
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References 339 One-way ribbed slab
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Problems 341 9.6 Repeat Problem 9.4
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10.2 Types of Columns 343 Figure 10
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10.4 ACI Code Limitations 345 (a) (
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10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 347 Table
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10.8 Long Columns 349 reinforced co
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10.8 Long Columns 351 3. Design of
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References 353 Section 10.5 Minimum
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Problems 355 Number f ′ c (ksi) P
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11.1 Introduction 357 B C H A A D V
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11.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagra
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11.4 Safety Provisions 361 11.4 SAF
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11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangula
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11.6 Column Sections under Eccentri
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.7 Strength of Columns for Tensio
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11.8 Strength of Columns for Compre
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side
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11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Col
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.12 Analysis and Design of Column
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11.13 Design of Columns under Eccen
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11.14 Biaxial Bending 397 5 no. 10
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform
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11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 403
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11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 4
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11.19 SI Example 411 3. Compute the
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Summary 413 SUMMARY Sections 11.1-1
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Problems 415 REFERENCES 1. B. Brest
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Problems 417 16 no. 10 bars Figure
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Problems 419 11.12 Repeat Problem 1
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12.2 Effective Column Length (Kl u
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12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 42
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12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 425 Long
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12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness
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12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method
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Summary 439 3. The value of K can b
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Problems 441 7. R. Green and J. E.
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CHAPTER13 FOOTINGS Office building
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13.2 Types of Footings 445 Vertical
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13.2 Types of Footings 447 Figure 1
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13.4 Design Considerations 449 Figu
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13.4 Design Considerations 451 This
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13.4 Design Considerations 453 c Co
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 459 th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 461 No
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 463 c
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 465 Th
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 467 8'
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 469 14
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13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 471 Fi
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13.6 Combined Footings 473 Figure 1
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13.6 Combined Footings 475 (Assumed
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13.6 Combined Footings 477 16″ ×
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment
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13.10 Footings on Piles 483 13.9 SL
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Summary 485 V Required d = u (1000)
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Problems 487 Section 13.5 Plain con
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Problems 489 Table 13.3 Problem 13.
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14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 491 F
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressu
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14.5 Effect of Surcharge 497 The ac
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14.7 Stability Against Overturning
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14.9 Design Requirements 501 Figure
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14.10 Drainage 503 Example 14.1 The
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14.10 Drainage 505 c. The flexural
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14.10 Drainage 507 Figure 14.12 Exa
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14.10 Drainage 509 The total resist
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14.10 Drainage 511 concrete on the
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14.11 Basement Walls 513 Figure 14.
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14.11 Basement Walls 515 No. 4 @ 12
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Summary 517 Figure 14.17 Example 14
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Problems 519 Figure 14.18 Problem 1
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Problems 521 the coefficient of fri
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CHAPTER15 DESIGN FOR TORSION Apartm
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 525 Figure
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15.3 Torsional Stresses 527 Table 1
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15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete
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15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
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15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures
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References 551 Equation U.S. Custom
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Problems 553 3 no. 9 Figure 15.17 P
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CHAPTER16 CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAM
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous
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16.3 Building Frames 561 2 no. 9 4
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16.4 Portal Frames 563 Figure 16.8
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 565 For
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 567 Fig
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 573 d.
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 575 Fro
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16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 577 iii
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16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 5
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16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 581 tra
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16.11 Limit Analysis 583 Example 16
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16.11 Limit Analysis 585 Figure 16.
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16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 58
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.13 Summary of Limit Design Proce
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16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maxi
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Summary 605 A B C D E F Typical sec
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Problems 607 Table 16.1 gives the d
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 611 Fig
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17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 613 Fig
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17.4 Design Concepts 615 Slabonbeam
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17.4 Design Concepts 617 Figure 17.
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17.5 Column and Middle Strips 619 T
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Cont
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 625 Fi
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17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 627 Fi
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17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by t
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17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
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(a) Figure 17.33 (a) Planofthewaffl
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 675 Table 17.12
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 677 (a) (b) M 0
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17.11 Waffle Slabs 679 Table 17.13
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 681 b
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 683 t
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 685 T
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 687 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 689 F
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17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 691 T
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Problems 693 Section 17.12 1. In th
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Problems 695 17.5 (Flat slabs) Use
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18.1 Introduction 697 Figure 18.1 P
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18.2 Types of Stairs 699 Figure 18.
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18.2 Types of Stairs 707 Free-stand
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18.2 Types of Stairs 711 For a symm
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18.3 Examples 713 2. The width of s
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18.3 Examples 715 Let d = 7.9 − 0
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18.3 Examples 717 1 no. 3 / step No
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18.3 Examples 719 6. The transverse
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Summary 721 3. Calculate the reinfo
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 725 Figur
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 727 f ′
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 729 Addin
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 731 may b
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19.1 Prestressed Concrete 733 Figur
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19.2 Materials and Serviceability R
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 737 Table 19
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 739 and ( Fi
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 741 where P
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 743 2. Loss
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19.3 Loss of Prestress 745 4. Loss
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19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 7
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19.5 Design of Flexural Members 757
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19.6 Cracking Moment 763 The maximu
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19.7 Deflection 765 called camber.
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19.8 Design for Shear 767 The cambe
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19.8 Design for Shear 769 Figure 19
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19.8 Design for Shear 771 3. The mi
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19.8 Design for Shear 773 Use d p =
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19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestres
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 777 The co
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19.10 End-Block Stresses 779 Figure
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Summary 781 Section 19.5 The nomina
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Problems 783 27. Y. Guyon. Prestres
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Problems 785 b. Locate the tendons
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 787 20
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 789 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 791 Fi
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 795 Ta
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20.2 Seismic Design Category 803 St
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 805 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 807 The la
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 809 Step 5
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 811 Table
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 813 Exampl
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 815 254 6
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20.3 Analysis Procedures 817 9. Det
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20.5 Special Requirements in Design
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Page 893 and 894: 21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
Page 895 and 896: 21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End
Page 897 and 898: 21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
Page 899 and 900: 21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam un
Page 901 and 902: 21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uni
Page 903 and 904: 21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
Page 905 and 906: 21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a C
Page 907 and 908: 21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uni
Page 909 and 910: 21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
Page 911 and 912: 21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a C
Page 913 and 914: Summary 885 Figure 21.12 Example 21
Page 915: CHAPTER22 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRID
Page 919 and 920: 22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Sp
Page 921 and 922: 22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
Page 923 and 924: 22.4 Load Factors and Combinations
Page 925 and 926: 22.5 Gravity Loads 897 Table 22.10
Page 927 and 928: 22.5 Gravity Loads 899 Design tande
Page 933 and 934: 22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial
Page 935 and 936: 22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)
Page 941 and 942: 22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.
Page 943 and 944: 22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 9
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22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 9
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CHAPTER23 REVIEW PROBLEMS ON CONCRE
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Review Problems on Concrete Buildin
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Design and Analysis Flowcharts 971
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Appendix A Design Tables (U.S. Cust
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1006 Appendix B Design Tables (SI U
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1014 Appendix C Structural Aids Tab
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1034 Index Beams (continued) stress
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1036 Index F Factored loads, 91 Fai
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1038 Index Seismic design (continue
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Structural Concrete - Hassoun

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