United States yearbook - 1982 (1)

596 Science
No. iot9. N o b e l Pr iz e La u r e a t e s in Ch e m is t r y , Ph y s ic s , a n d Ph y s io l o g y / M e d ic in e—
Se le c t e d Co u n t r ie s : 1901 t o 1981
[Presented by location of award-winning research and by date of award]
COUNTS V
1901-
1981,
total
1901-
1915
1916-
1930
1931-
1945
1946-
1960
1961-
1975
1976-
1961
1901-1981
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology/
Medicine
Total.......................................... 350 52 41 49 74 92 42 120 98 132
United States...................................... 129 3 3 14 38 4 2 29 47 25 57
United Kingdom................................... 64 7 8 11 14 20 4 21 23 2 0
Germany, Fed. Rep. o f1.... ................ 51 15 12 11 4 8 1 14 25 12
France............................................... 21 10 3 2 - 5 1 6 6 7
Soviet Union..................................... 10 2 - - 4 3 1 7 , 1 2
Other countries........................... ...... 75 15 15 11 14 14 6 23 18 34
- Represents zero. ’ Includes East Germany before 1946.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation. S c ie n c e In d ic a to rs , 1 9 8 0 ; and unpublished data.
No. 1020. National Research and Development Expenditures as a Percent of Gross
National Product, by Country: 1965 to 1981
YEAR
Germany,
United
States France F e d .
Rep.
Japan
United
Kingdom
Soviet
Union
YEAR
United
States France many,
Fed.
G e r ­
Rep.
Japan
United
Kingdom
Soviet
Union
i a r s 2 .9 0 2 .0 1 1 .7 3 1 .5 2 2 .8 5 1 9 7 4 ............... 2 .2 9 1 .7 9 2 .2 6 1 .9 7 (NA) 3 .6 4
1BRR 2 .6 9 2 .0 6 1.81 1 .4 6 2.3 1 2 .8 8 1 9 7 5 .............. 2 .2 7 1 .8 0 2 .3 8 1 .9 6 2 .0 5 3 .6 9
1R R 7 2 .6 9 2 .1 3 1 .9 7 1 .5 2 2 .2 9 2 .9 1 1 9 7 6 ............. . 2 .2 7 1 .7 7 2 .2 9 1 .9 5 3 .5 5
ISJfiR ... 2 .8 2 2 .0 8 1 .9 7 1 .6 0 2 .2 5 1 9 7 7 .............. 2 .2 4 1 .7 6 2 .3 1 1 .9 3 (NA) 3 .4 6
I f l f t f l . .. 2 .7 2 1 .9 4 2 .0 5 1 .6 4 2 .2 2 3 .0 3 1 9 7 8 .............. 2 .2 4 1 .7 6 2 .3 1 1 .9 6 2 .1 3 3 ,4 7
1 A 7 ft 2 .6 3 1 .9 1 2 .1 8 1.81 3 .2 3 1H7Q 2 .2 8 2 .3 4 2 .0 9 3 .4 4
1A 71 2 .4 8 1 .9 0 2 .3 8 1 .8 5 3 .2 9 lA f t f l 2 .3 7 1 .8 4 2 .3 2 2 .2 3 3 .4 7
1A75> 2 .4 0 1 .8 6 2 .3 3 1 .8 6 2 .0 5 3 .5 8 2 .3 9 (N A ) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)
1 9 7 3 .............. 2 .3 2 1 .7 6 I 2 .2 2 1 .9 0 (NA] 3 .6 6
NA Not available.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, S c ie n c e In d ic a to rs , 1 9 8 0 ; and unpublished data.
No. 1021. Research and Development Expenditures in science and Engineering a t
Universities and Colleges: 1970 to 1980
[In millions of dollars. Estimates for nonrespondents account for less than 7 percent of the total]
CHARACTERISTIC 1970 1975 1979 1980 CHARACTERISTIC 1970 1975 1979 1 9 8 0
T o t a l ..............................................................
In 1972 dollars K.,...................
Basic research..................... .........
Applied research and develop.......
Source of funds:
All Governments........................
Institutions' own funds...............
Industry....................................
Other.......................................
2,335
2,564
1,706
539
1,867
243
61
165
3.409
2,769
2.409
999
2,620
417
113
259
5,354
3,288
3,607
1,747
4,063
725
193
373
6 ,0 4 9
3,423
4,019
2,031
4,585
821
236
408
Field:
Ufa sciences..............................
Engineering.................................
Physical sciences.......................
Environmental sciences..............
Social sciences and other...........
Mathematics and computer
sciences.................................
1,194 1,901
319 381
307 360
125 255
258 356
72 85
59 80
2,626
768
60S
451
428
176
100
3,211
663
680
506
487
192
111
’ Based on GNP Implicit price deflator, see text, p. 415.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, S u rv e y o f S c ie n tific a n d E n g in e e rin g E x p e n d itu re s a t U n iv e rs itie s a n d C o lle g e s , annual.
No. 1 0 2 2. S c ie n t is t s a n d En g ineers Em p lo y e d in R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t : 1961 t o 1962
[In thousands of full-time equivalent employees. Yearly averages for Industry sector only. Excludes those employed by State
and local government agencies, except as noted. DGD=Dept. of Defense]
SECTOR 1961 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 < 1982 1
Total.................................................................... 425.7 494.5 546.6 532.7 570.3 595.3 621.0 647.2 673.0 698.0
Industry (exd. social scientists) *................................. 312.0 348.4 375.6 383.8 393.2 413.4 434.8 458.4 482.0 505.0
Universities and colleges> total.................................... 42.4 53.4 68.5 68.8 74.4 76.5 77.8 79.1 81.1 63.0
Scientists and engineers... 33.6 40,4 50.3 51.2 54.4 55.9 56.1 56.4 57.2 58.1
Graduate students........... 8.8 13.0 18.2 18.6 20.0 20.6 21.7 22.7 23.9 24.9
Federal Government (ind. DOD).......................... ...... 51.1 61.8 69.8 63.4 64.7 66,3 66.7 67.0 67.0 68.0
University-associaled federally funded RAD centers.... 9.1 11.1 11.5 12.7 14.0 14.1 14.1 15.2 15.4 15.9
Other nonprofit institutions 23 11.1 19.9 21.2 23.0 24.0 25.0 27.5 27.5 27.5 26.1
'Estimated. ’ Includes professional R & D personnel employed at FFRDC's administered by Industry and other nonprofit
institutions. ’ Includes estimate for fl&D scientists and engineers employed in State-affiliated institutions.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, N a tio n a l P a ttern s o f S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y R e s o u rc e s , annual.