Fortunately, my predecessors in the Department of <strong>Defense</strong> <strong>and</strong> my predecessor counterparts inthe Department of State have made such dialogue possible. Beginning in 2006, the State Departmenthas arranged a Sub-Regional Dialogue with China on the Western Hemisphere. Among others,representatives from the National <strong>Security</strong> Council, <strong>Defense</strong> Department, State Department, USAID,<strong>and</strong> Commerce Department have participated in this forum with representatives from China’sDepartment of Latin America <strong>and</strong> Caribbean Affairs, the Department of North America <strong>and</strong> Oceana,<strong>and</strong> the Chinese Embassy in Washington. The first Dialogue in 2006 was held in China <strong>and</strong> hasalternated between Washington <strong>and</strong> Beijing ever since.The Dialogue provides the perfect opportunity to exchange ideas on potential cooperationin the region, as well as to provide continuity in articulating <strong>and</strong> clarifying our respective goals<strong>and</strong> objectives. The next Dialogue should occur in the near-future <strong>and</strong> I look forward to not onlyattending, but actively participating. My goals are not limited simply to continued participation; Iwill also seek to exp<strong>and</strong> the Department of <strong>Defense</strong>’s role in the Dialogue. In my view, this forumshould be as broad <strong>and</strong> robust as possible.In particular, I will be an advocate for exploring avenues in which we can pursue a collectiveapproach to non-traditional threats in the region, especially in the area of counter-narcotics <strong>and</strong>,perhaps, other forms of trafficking. There seems to be consensus on this issue, the challenge at h<strong>and</strong>is how to turn such consensus into concrete action. Of course, I am also eager to hear what areas ofcooperation China’s delegation views as promising.I have made frequent mention today of a new era of engagement, of the need for collectiveapproaches, <strong>and</strong> of the unprecedented inter-connectivity of the contemporary international community.I fear, however, that my comments today might give the false impression that I am speaking of a newera of engagement only between governments, that the need for collective approaches is exclusivelythat of heads-of-state, diplomats, <strong>and</strong> other government officials, that the inter-connectivity I havehighlighted is limited to the public sector. To be clear, that is not the impression I want to give, quitethe contrary.A new era of engagement requires that the larger civil society work on these issues. A collectiveapproach dem<strong>and</strong>s that academics, think-tanks, foundations, international organizations, the privatesector, government, <strong>and</strong> ordinary citizens from within <strong>and</strong> between nations have an ongoingconversation about the most pressing policy challenges of the day. In the process, the interconnectivityalready omnipresent in the world will only deepen. And that is precisely why I amlooking forward to hearing <strong>and</strong> learning from the panelists <strong>and</strong> audience today, all of whom bring awealth of diverse experience <strong>and</strong> perspective.Thank you.138<strong>Security</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Defense</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 2009/Edición 2009/ Edicão 2009/ Volume 9, Issues 1 & 2
<strong>Security</strong>, Intelligence <strong>and</strong> the Role of the MediaComments <strong>and</strong> ObservationsAmbassador Cresencio S. ArcosPresented at the San Francisco Committee on Foreign Relations, May 21, 2009<strong>Security</strong> <strong>and</strong> intelligence have always been officially linked. Whereas, the media’s role along withintelligence to safeguard the well-being of a country has never been specifically defined. <strong>Security</strong>implies the safety, tranquility, peacefulness <strong>and</strong> the continuous ability of a society to function.Intelligence is the mechanism or methodology which ensures the security of any given state.In a traditional definition, intelligence collects <strong>info</strong>rmation vital to survival or security frommany different sources. Human intelligence, the oldest intelligence ‘discipline’ orginated from theancient practice of exchanging envoys. The resident diplomat was primarily focused on collecting<strong>info</strong>rmation on the host country which was relevant to the sending country’s vital interest. Thisdiplomat was to introduce himself into the ruling circles to determine what activities, policies orplans had an impact on his country. Recruiting local collaborators was a common practice to helpunderst<strong>and</strong> the environment. Plainly, this became the essence of human intelligence. Later, whenevolving technologies in photography <strong>and</strong> telecommunication were developed signals intelligence<strong>and</strong> imagery intelligence also became key ‘disciplines’ in the collection of <strong>info</strong>rmation.One other ‘discipline’ which stems from the ancient writings <strong>and</strong> the invention of the printingpress is ‘open source’ intelligence. The printing press gave rise to pamphleteering, book publishing,mass produced public notices, gazettes or public journals. These journals or newspapers became thefirst mass media. Later, radio <strong>and</strong> television became the new mass media outlets. With the emergenceof mass media many governments readily viewed this enterprise as serving the ‘public’ good. Thisconceptualization meant the media should serve the government or the state’s interest throughpropagating selected <strong>info</strong>rmation. Hence, the media was officially seen by many in government asthe state’s tribune. At the same time dissidents, critics <strong>and</strong> the political opposition seized on the massmedia to advance ‘political choice’ <strong>and</strong> freedom of expression. Some used the media to create aclimate for change <strong>and</strong> improve the social structure. Many others saw the opportunity to use the massmedia to promote commercial endeavors, consumer items or services. Regardless of the purpose thisnew media carried <strong>info</strong>rmation of interest to those who attempted to evaluate the political, socialor economic conditions of a given country. Print media spawned journalism. This new professioninvolved reporting or collecting <strong>info</strong>rmation of interest to readers enabling the owners to sell theirprinted product as well as attract advertisers.These reporters or journalists became avid collectors of <strong>info</strong>rmation on a wide range of topics.They also became the analysts in many instances who explained the meaning of <strong>info</strong>rmation to thegeneral public. In traditional official intelligence collection of <strong>info</strong>rmation carried out by diplomats,military men or law enforcement agents the focus or goal was to obtain key <strong>and</strong> timely <strong>info</strong>rmationwith national security implications. This process traditionally has helped official intelligence officialsnot only collect from open sources but complemented the <strong>info</strong>rmation gleaned from ruling circles,dissidents, opposition members or knowledgeable individuals. The sensitivity of such <strong>info</strong>rmationis evaluated by analysts <strong>and</strong> then conveyed to the policy-makers from the sponsoring government.Open sources like newspaper reporting became important <strong>and</strong> most helpful in collecting <strong>info</strong>rmation.It helped sort out the hidden dimension or meaning in any event, policy decision or pronouncement .Today, the media is a competitor to the official intelligence community in gathering <strong>info</strong>rmationor intelligence. The intelligence community (military, diplomatic, law enforcement) concerns are todiscreetly collect <strong>info</strong>rmation <strong>and</strong> at the same time be mindful of sources <strong>and</strong> methods. The media<strong>Security</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Defense</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 2009/Edición 2009/ Edicão 2009/ Volume 9, Issues 1 & 2 139
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Document: Speech on “Security, In
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un tema de seguridad y defensa porq
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Los Intereses de la República Popu
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En el marco estratégico descrito e
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Works (FAW), Geeley, Dongfeng, y Ch
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interés en participar en el yacimi
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al emplear personas locales en todo
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había un banco en Colombia especia
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ehén de los FARC, escribe de siete
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estadounidenses en el futuro, y por
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26Security and Defense Studies Revi
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Existe numerosa literatura que trat
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La Tabla 1.1, demuestra que el apor
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Los cuestionamiento a este modelo d
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….derogaremos la Ley del Cobre y
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Figura 4.3.Aporte de CODELCO por ve
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Figura 6.Elaboración propia distri
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de los proyectos de defensa necesit
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En el caso de las inversiones en de
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Anexo 1PROTOCOLO DE ACUERDO QUE ACO
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OECD. “Models of Public Budgeting
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proyectos nacionales y democrático
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DesprofesionalizaciónEn la región
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Según algunos autores, “no sorpr
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(antinarcóticos), la Guardia Coste
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supervigilen las acciones intrusiva
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Quizás una de las fallas provenga
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Junto con ello se elaboró una nuev
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Colombia). Por otro, hay una serie
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Maldonado, Carlos, “Profesionalis
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policías y militares no ha estado
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La relación entre fuerzas militare
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dictaduras. En aquellos con más tr
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efectos de planificación se ha hab
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BibliografíaAguila, Ernesto y Mald
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Sherman, Lawrence. et.al. 1973. Tea
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Influenza Pandemic and its National
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and restaurant services” is expec
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The ability of the health sector to
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