book1

Recommendations

Info

ability of the current modes of governance to provide for genuine democracy. Market-based mechanisms confi ne democra� c decision making to policies for crea� ng low-cost social condi� ons conducive to economic development. Interna� onal ins� tu� ons and regimes aimed at solving problems beyond the na� on-state, such as the environment, are built upon highly technocra� c and exclusive suprana� onal agencies and agreements, with a very reduced role for the public. Corporate, private governance arrangements for example, despite some modest concessions to demonstrate a degree of accountability and transparency, s� ll exclude major stakeholding interests such as local communi� es. 16 Market-based mechanisms and global fi nance Deforesta� on and forest degrada� on account for nearly 20% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, more than the en� re global transporta� on sector and second only to the energy sector. 17 REDD is best understood as an ini� a� ve to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with forest clearing, which allows ‘avoided deforesta� on’ in to be included in market-based carbon trading mechanisms. It is eff ec� vely a payment in exchange for ac� vely preserving exis� ng forests. 18 The original concept has been accredited to Columbia University MBA graduate and Kevin Conrad. By the � me the Kyoto Protocol was formally ra� fi ed in 2004 deforesta� on had eff ec� vely dropped off the agenda. Conrad, founder of the Coali� on of Rainforest Na� ons represen� ng the main rainforest regions, successfully lobbied the United Na� ons Framework Conven� on on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to consider his proposal as a mechanism for re-integra� ng ac� on on deforesta� on back into the climate change talks. 19 REDD addresses the problem of climate change via a range of state and non-state market-based mechanisms to encourage sustainable management of tropical forests, and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is now formally referred to as REDD+ in the wake of the UNFCCC Conference of Par� es (COP) 15 in Copenhagen, to refl ect the ini� a� ve’s growing emphasis on conserving and enhancing forests on the basis of their value for carbon sequestra� on, rather than simply reducing emissions. 20 It is linked to the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the Protocol-related Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as it off ers developing countries a means of mee� ng their emissions targets through reducing GHG emissions 16. Paul Hirst, “Democracy and Governance”, in Deba� ng Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy, ed. Jon Pierre (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000) pp. 13-35. 17. UN REDD Programme “About REDD+”, h� p://www.un-redd.org/AboutREDD/tabid/582/ language/en-US/Default.aspx accessed 20/05/2010 18. Carbon Posi� ve, “Glossary” h� p://www.carbonposi� ve.net/viewar� cle.aspx?ar� cleID=44 accessed 010/10/2010. 19. Beth Kwon, “Diet for a Warm Planet”, Columbia Magazine, Spring (2006), pp. 22-27 at pp. 24-25. 20. For more informa� on, see: Charlie Parker, Andrew Mitchell, Mandar Trivedi and Niki Mardas, The Li� le REDD+ Book (Oxford: Global Canopy Programme, 2009), pp. 11- 92. Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 105
and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. forests) in developing countries. 21 There are a number of mechanisms associated with REDD+. The UNFCCC is responsible for the intergovernmental nego� a� ons regarding the content and format of REDD+. The United Na� ons Collabora� ve Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforesta� on and Forest Degrada� on in Developing Countries (UN-REDD), manages the technical and fi nancial components of the ini� a� ve at the interna� onal and na� onal level, with the assistance of the United Na� ons Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organisa� on (FAO). The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), via the World Bank, provides funding aimed at maintaining standing forests by encouraging biodiversity conserva� on and sustainable use through a range of country-level projects. 22 The Forest Investment Program (FIP) is part of the World Bank’s Strategic Climate Fund (SCF), and provides funds to specifi c sectors and projects to pilot new ac� vi� es and build capacity in exis� ng ac� vi� es aimed at tackling climate change. Funding of more that USD$500 million has been off ered by developed country donors including the US and Australia. 23 The Global Environmental Facility (GEF), created by the World Bank in 1991, is a partnership arrangement made up of 178 countries, NGOs, the private sector and interna� onal ins� tu� ons. 24 The GEF Trust Fund developed a funding programme as part of its fi � h fouryearly funding cycle (GEF-5) for REDD and associated sustainable forest management and forest conserva� on ac� vi� es as a result of COP 13 in Bali, 2007. 25 The REDD+ Partnership was established in June 2010 as an “ac� on track” to supplement UNFCCC nego� a� ons. It is a country-led ini� a� ve of 58 member-states but does include some civil society and Indigenous peoples’ organiza� ons (IPOs) as well as the private sector. Developed countries have provided USD$4 billion for the funding period 2010-2012. 26 To ensure REDD+ meets expecta� ons as one of the solu� ons to climate change, it will require a robust, transparent, inclusive and independent monitoring system capable of addressing governance reali� es on the 21. CIFOR, Simply REDD: CIFOR’s Guide to Forests, Climate Change and REDD (Bogor: CIFOR, Undated), p. 9 ww.cifor.cgiar.org/publica� ons/pdf_fi les/.../MediaGuide_REDD.pdf accessed 01/10/2010. 22. UN-REDD, “The UN-REDD Programme” h� p://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/tabid/583/language/en-US/Default.aspx, accessed 23/03/2010, Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, “Forest Carbon Partnership Facility”, undated, pp. 6-10. 23. Climate Funds Update, “Forest Investment program”, h� p://www.climatefundsupdate. org/lis� ng/forest-investment-program accessed 01/10/2010. 24. Climate Lab, “Global Environment Facility”, h� p://climatelab.org/Global_Environment_ Facility accessed 01/10/2010. 25. Interna� onal Ins� tute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Repor� ng Services, “GEF STAP Considers REDD, Forest Conserva� on and Sustainable Forest Management” h� p:// climate-l.org/news/gef-stap-considers-redd-forest-conserva� on-and-sustainable-forestmanagement/ accessed 01/10/2010. 26. Forest Carbon Portal, “Mul� lateral Interim Redd+ Partnership Established In Oslo” h� p:// www.forestcarbonportal.com/resource/interim-redd-partnership-established-oslo accessed 02/10/2010. 106 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23:
(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25:
the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29:
Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
Page 36:
freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
Page 47 and 48:
An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52:
14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
Page 55 and 56:
sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
Page 61 and 62:
is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
Page 69 and 70:
(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
Page 71 and 72:
34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82:
1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
Page 85 and 86:
poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
Page 89 and 90:
theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92: thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94: ‘Social Capital’ approach of de
Page 95 and 96: inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98: sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100: community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102: Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104: 5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106: targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108: avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110: ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112: 6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114: with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116: deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118: off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120: the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122: “� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124: Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126: Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128: Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130: presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132: Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134: 8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136: used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138: excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140: 9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141: organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 145 and 146: “which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148: Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150: Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152: 10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154: fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156: The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158: Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160: 11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162: countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164: ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166: in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170: agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194:
156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196:
In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202:
Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204:
14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206:
secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208:
the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210:
structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212:
top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214:
subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216:
is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218:
eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220:
The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222:
ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224:
Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225:
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
show all

book1

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?