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(f) Exploring possibility for sea-route for expanding interna� onal trade connec� ng Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea; (g) Crea� ng a hub for interna� onal tourism, and preserving biodiversity with commercial viability; (h) Promo� ng decent and safe foreign employment at lucra� ve des� na� ons by developing quality human resources as per requirements of interna� onal labor market and maximizing fl ow of remi� ances through offi cial channels; (i) Promo� ng small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) with private sector investment and developing large scale industries and megaprojects at the ini� a� on of private sector by a� rac� ng FDI, which would immensely help create employment opportuni� es at home; and (j) Crea� ng an Interna� onal Financial Services Center (IFSC) by 2015 and mobilizing investment capital to accelerate development for the whole region (high scenario) (Dahal, 2004). Nepal is surrounded by rapidly expanding economies compe� ng each other to become global economic power with for which they need huge investment-capital and fi nancial services. A modern Interna� onal Financial Services Center located at Nepal could meet these requirements of neighboring countries India, China and also SAARC countries, which will help create a unique opportunity for Nepal to prosper in the 21 st century. “Interna� onal Financial Services Center (IFSC) will help create employment opportunity at all skill levels, provide revenue to treasury, strengthen informa� on technology, improve status of infrastructure, and increase fi nancial credibility of the na� on” (Collins et al., 1996). The strategic objec� ves should be to: (a) Substan� ally increasing GNI with double-digit growth rate ensuring a high GNI per capita exceeding US$ 3,000 (average of middle income economies) per annum within the said � meframe; (b) Providing employment to each economically ac� ve popula� on; (c) Comba� ng infl a� on by increasing produc� on and produc� vity of both agriculture and manufacture sectors in the long-run; (d) Reducing absolute poverty from 25 percent to zero percent by 2025; and (e) Improving effi ciency and compe� � veness, and governance in all spheres and fi gh� ng against rampant corrup� on. The strategy for economic development should be directed towards: (1) Sustaining exports of carpets, garments, handicra� s, herbal and medicinal products, tea, cardamom and len� ls (pulses) to interna� onal markets with iden� fi ca� on of new products including yarshagumba. (2) Reviewing Nepal-India Trade Treaty to expedite exports to India Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 33
34 and reduce growing extent of trade defi cit with India. (3) Promo� ng import subs� tu� ng industries, in addi� on to export promo� ng industries, such as fer� lizer, co� on tex� le, cement and sugar at suitable loca� ons on the basis of compara� ve advantages and compe� � ve edges; (4) Promo� ng both indigenous and foreign investment through newly established Investment Promo� on Board and establishing industries in Special Economic Zone; (5) Ini� a� ng joint ventures with India and China for developing infrastructure - road and hydropower especially mega-projects for not only mee� ng domes� c demand but also expor� ng surplus electricity to India, China and South Asia region and thereby crea� ng win-win eff ects to the whole region; (6) Ensuring employment opportuni� es at home by establishing small and co� age, medium as well as large scale industries at the ini� a� on of private sector through a� rac� ng FDI especially from NRN (non-resident Nepalese) and also mobilizing indigenous investment; (7) Developing a master plan for promo� ng tourism and crea� ng a regional hub and make Nepal a model tourism country of the world within 15 years from now in coopera� on with private sector (Budget Speech, FY 2011/12); (8) Increasing investment in infrastructure especially road and electricity at the ini� a� on of private sector through a� rac� ng FDI; (9) Increasing investment in so� sector by a� rac� ng FDI in joint ventures especially to establish polytechnic ins� tutes and teaching hospital and research centers (Ins� tute for Medical Sciences) at par with interna� onal standard; (10) Developing IT sector for mee� ng interna� onal demand for IT experts; (11) Preserving biodiversity for neutralizing adverse impact of global climate change and strengthening eff orts towards commercializa� on of biodiversity; (12) Developing quality human resources for mee� ng growing demand for middle level manpower at interna� onal labor market, and maximizing and eff ec� vely u� lizing remi� ances for produc� ve use; (13) Developing na� onal consensus on establishing Interna� onal Financial Services Center (IFSC) in Nepal; (14) Strengthening capacity of both government and the private sector by improving effi ciency and governance; (15) Mobilizing and eff ec� vely u� lizing external resources, and maximizing produc� vity of foreign aid; (16) Improving effi ciency of Commission for Inves� ga� on of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) and preserving independence of judicial authori� es such as Special Court, Appellate Court and Supreme Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21: the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23: (NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25: the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27: uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29: Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31: ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33: irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35: cul� vators who live in complex,
Page 36: freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40: divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44: more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
Page 47 and 48: An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50: Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52: 14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54: can absorb a far higher level of de
Page 55 and 56: sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58: to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
Page 61 and 62: is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64: accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66: conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68: and, therefore, it is impera� ve
Page 69: (2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
Page 73 and 74: the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78: OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80: focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82: 1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
Page 85 and 86: poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88: 4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
Page 89 and 90: theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92: thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94: ‘Social Capital’ approach of de
Page 95 and 96: inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98: sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100: community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102: Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104: 5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106: targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108: avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110: ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112: 6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114: with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116: deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118: off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120: the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122:
“� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124:
Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126:
Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128:
Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130:
presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132:
Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134:
8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136:
used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138:
excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140:
9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142:
organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144:
and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146:
“which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148:
Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150:
Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152:
10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154:
fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156:
The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158:
Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160:
11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162:
countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164:
ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166:
in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168:
Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170:
agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172:
ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174:
who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176:
12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178:
These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180:
them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182:
assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184:
classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186:
seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188:
Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190:
commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192:
poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194:
156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196:
In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202:
Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204:
14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206:
secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208:
the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210:
structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212:
top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214:
subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216:
is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218:
eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220:
The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222:
ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224:
Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225:
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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