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in terms of foreign aid infl ow is the example of it. Moreover, poli� cal par� es
have used foreign aid and their rela� on with the donor community as a
tool to get into power or to depose the opposi� on from power. The local
level poli� cians try to bring more foreign aid funded projects into his/her
cons� tuencies in order to prove his/her poli� cal infl uence and credibility,
and thus, to secure his/her poli� cal future. It means foreign aid has been a
measuring rod to evaluate the creditability and legi� macy of a government
or poli� cal party.
Third, foreign aid has emphasized a lot for the democra� za� on of
the country and mainstreaming the deprived sec� on of popula� on in
development process. Foreign aid has played and donor agencies has
played very important role for the poli� cal movement for democracy and
inclusive development model. But, s� ll a large number of popula� ons are
economically, socially and poli� cally excluded from the mainstream of
development. They are physically par� cipated in poli� cal and development
process but neither they are able to put their view nor are their voices heard.
S� ll there is big gap between elite and marginalized and their rela� onships
as ruler and ruled.
Role of educa� on: theore� cal assump� on as well as prac� cal
experience
Educa� on sector is ge� ng increasing a� en� on by the development
prac� � oner and poli� cians in the developing countries of the world.
Educa� on has been recognized as an inevitable component in development
from tradi� onal concept of socio economic progress to modern concept of
freedom of choice. All economists, from the eighteenth century’s economist-
Adam Smith15 to Nobel Prize winner economist of 1998 - Amartya
Sen16 , see the importance of educa� on in individual’s as well as na� ons'
development equally. Addi� onally, in poli� cal context it is equally
important as it is one of the strategic tools to shape an individuals mindse�
ng according to the poli� cal system of the country. Likewise, from the
func� onalists’ view of promo� ng homogeneity in the society and enabling
young people for appropriate roles in adult life to liberalists’ perspec� ve of
self-fulfi llment of an individual, educa� on is equally important. Educa� on
sector has got equal importance in the Marxists’ philosophy as well. They
believe that educa� on is a capitalist’s tool to serve the interest of ruling
15. A man’s educa� on at the expense of much labor and � me to any of those employments,
which require extra ordinary dexterity and skill, may be compared to one of those expensive
machines. The work which he learns to perform, it must be expected, over and above the
usual wages of common labor, will replace to him the whole expense of his educa� on, with
at least the ordinary profi ts of an equally valuable capital---the diff erence between the
wages of skilled labor and those of common labor is founded upon this principle (Adam
Smith in The Wealth of Na� on 1976, as cited in HDR 1998)
16. The elimina� on of ignorance, of illiteracy… and of needless inequali� es in opportuni� es is
to be seen as objec� ves that are valued for their own sake. They expand our freedom to
live the lives we have reason to value, and these elementary capabili� es are of importance
on their own (Sen and Derje J ,1999)
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Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal