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udge� ng process. When gender quality and priori� es are not adequately
mainstreamed in the na� onal development plans and the budgets, donors’
own gender equality priority becomes ineff ec� ve. The Paris Declara� on
iden� fi es twelve monitoring indicators for measuring public fi nancial
management, accoun� ng and audi� ng systems, procurement systems,
results frameworks, transparency and capacity. But none of the assessment
tools incorporated elements to monitor gender and social equity. The
limita� on of system was acknowledged by UNIFEM, the DAC Network and
CSOs over world and since 2010 new gender dimensions has been added
to the monitoring formats. The 50 th UN Commission on Status of women
adopted “Financing of Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women” and
Nepal is obligated to it and it has introduced GRB since the FY 2007/08. This
was preceded by a series of Gender Budget Audit (GBA) of several sectors.
Therea� er, a new system of budget classifi ca� on was introduced, with
specifi c focus on 13 ministries.
With Aid Eff ec� veness agenda Gender Budget Audit and Gender
Responsiveness acquired new importance for gender mainstreaming into the
mechanism and instruments used in planning and managing development
programs. Under Nepal’s GRB guidelines, each proposed program has to be
scored in accordance with indicators developed by the Gender Responsive
Budget Commi� ee (GRBC) led by Ministry of Finance. Programs scoring 50
percent marks or more are classifi ed as “directly responsive,” those scoring
20 to 50 percent as “indirectly responsive” and those scoring less than
20 percent as “neutral.” The alloca� on to directly and indirectly gender
responsive programs has been increasing slowly.
But Nepal’s GRB system has encountered diffi cul� es in implementa� on
because of conceptual and prac� cal capacity problems. She, therefore,
suggests that the scoring methodology does not mesh with indicators used
in diff erent sectors and so has not been applied systema� cally. Nepal’s
GRB system needs to encompass the complete budget cycle and include
detail assessments of each with respect to transforma� ve, adequacy, nondiscriminatory
and monitoring system. Another big challenge to make GRB
opera� onal is training and capacity building of the Gender Focal Points in all
ministries, planning units in government and local bodies. The focus of GRB
has to be broadened from so� sectors like agriculture, health, educa� on, etc
to other relevant sectors like law, home, police etc. It is equally crucial that
all economic policies are to be fi ltered through gender and social inclusion
lenses.
Dr Tim Cadman and Dr Tek Maraseni discuss “Governing Emissions
Reduc� on: REDD+ and Stakeholder Percep� ons of Ins� tu� onal Legi� macy.”
They argue that there exist varied percep� ons of ins� tu� onal governance
greatly across the sectors and regions, but respondents from the global
South rate the mechanism higher than those in the North, irrespec� ve of
their sector with implica� ons for the current design and future direc� ons in
market-based approaches to climate change management. The globaliza� on
of poli� cs has led to a commensurate growth of global governance.
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