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Njoh (1999) assessing implica� on of exogenous forces in urban planning
development of Sub-Saharan Africa, fi nds that development outputs were
more benefi cial to the donors than the recipient. The author suggests
for careful transfer of technology so that u� lity is maximized; damage to
indigenous technology is minimized; and adaptability are ensured (Njoh,
1999).
In Caracas of Venezuela, the role local popula� on played in produc� on
process based on foreign models was disappoin� ng in terms of the acquisi� on
of new knowledge. A rudimentary endogenous system of organiza� on in
Rancho district led to new and original town planning solu� ons (Chombard
de Lauwe, 1981). The author comes up with many contras� ng instances
of endogenous and exogenous development in terms of monopoly of the
industrialized West in technology and informa� on of and their domina� on
in the underdeveloped world (Ibid, 1981).
Greff e et al. (1981) present three endogenous mechanisms for
transfer of knowledge in economics. First, ‘ac� va� on of internal debates’,
second, comparison between economics and other disciplines, and third,
reconsidera� on of exis� ng subject ma� ers of economics. The author also
suggests fi ve areas for research in this regards. One of the most promising
areas is making full use of local economic knowledge with mutual
customiza� on so that both exogenous and endogenous contents create
synergies.
Gunn (1990) observes historical development trends in Somalia and
iden� fi es ‘sta� c interven� onist’ and ‘dynamic adap� ve’ model for what
Riggs calls ‘exogenous’ and ‘endogenous’ respec� vely. The former model,
as author argues, assumes poverty in local economy and social resources
requiring large aid interven� ons while the later assumes existence of various
indigenous op� ons. Both polar approaches have own pros and cons and
combina� on of both is workable than new separate model (Gunn, 1990).
Jun (2005) views endogenous development as the latest development
paradigm that advocates for co-existence, coopera� on, environmental
protec� on and development. “Global civil society” is the key actor in this
new paradigm. Hainsworth (1999) carries out case study in a poor society in
Vietnam and iden� fi es that the poor do have choices, though limited, and
are careful ra� onal decision makers than the rich because irra� onal decision
costs high, which the poor cannot aff ord.
FWP/FNDI (2006) examines three diff erent cases of community
development projects in South Dakota, Uganda and Ecuador and fi nds four
� ers eff ects. First, ‘fully exogenous’ model does not generate benefi t to local
people and does not minimize project risks. Second, ‘par� ally exogenous’
model generates par� al benefi ts with ‘incen� ves’ for risk minimiza� on.
Third, mix of ‘exogenous idea’ and ‘endogenous design’ generates direct
benefi t and risk minimiza� on mechanism. Finally and importantly, local
community fully owns the programs with endogenous idea and design mixed
with supplementary funding and technical assistance of donors. Therefore,
a tailored development paradigm systema� cally achieves people-centred,
Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 59